UGC NET Management Q46

Question

Read the passage and answer the following questions.
Through their work and the efforts of others. managers in all kinds of organisational settings. whether industrial, educational, governmental, or military are attempting to run their organizations with the management by objectives process as a basic underlying management concept. Management by objectives is basically a process whereby the seniors and the junior managers of an enterprise jointly identify its common goals. define each individual's major areas of responsibility in terms of the results expected... use these measures as guides for operating the unit and assessing the contribution of each of its members. In some cases, this process has been successfully carried beyond the managerial level to include hourly employees. The concept rests on a philosophy of management that emphasizes an integration between external control by managers and self-control by employees. It can apply to any manager or individual no matter what level or function. and to any organisation. regardless of size. The effective functioning of this system is an agreement between a manager and an employee about that employee's groups performance goals during a stated time period. These goals can emphasize either output variables of intervening variables or some combination of both. The important thing is that goals are jointly established and agreed upon in advance. At the end of the time period. performance is reviewed in relation to accepted goals. Both the employee and the manager participate in this review.
In an MBO, organisation is managed through the identification of: