Second Law

A furnace can supply heat steadily at 1200 K at a rate of 24000 kJ/min. The maximum amount of power (in kW) that can be produced by using the heat supplied by this furnace in an environment at 300 K is

A heat engine extracts heat (𝑄 H ) from a thermal reservoir at a temperature of 1000 K and rejects heat (𝑄 L ) to a thermal reservoir at a temperature of 100 K, while producing work (𝑊). Which one of the combinations...

Consider a one-dimensional steady heat conduction process through a solid slab of thickness 0.1 m. The higher temperature side A has a surface temperature of 80 °C, and the heat transfer rate per unit area to low-tempera...

The Clausius inequality holds good for

One $$kg$$ of an ideal gas (gas constant, $$R = 400$$ $$J/kg.K;$$ specific heat at constant volume, $${c_v} = 1000\,J/kg.K$$ at $$1$$ bar, and $$300$$ $$K$$ is contained in a sealed rigid cylinder. During an adiabatic pr...

One $$kg$$ of an ideal gas (gas constant $$R=287$$ $$J/kg$$-$$K$$) undergoes an irreversible process from state- $${\rm I}$$ ( $$1$$ bar, $$300$$ $$K$$ ) to state-$$2$$ ( $$2$$ bar, $$300$$ $$K$$). The change in specific...

A reversible cycle receives $$40$$ $$kJ$$ of heat from one heat source at a temperature of $${127^ \circ }C$$ and $$37$$ $$kJ$$ from another heat source at $${97^ \circ }C.$$ The heat rejected (in $$kJ$$) to the heat sin...

A Carnot engine $$(CE$$-$$1)$$ works between two temperature reservoirs $$A$$ and $$B,$$ where $${T_A} = 900K$$ and $${T_B} = 500K.$$ A second Carnot engine $$(CE$$-$$2)$$ works between temperature reservoirs $$B$$ and $...

One kg of air ($${R = 287\,\,J/kg}$$-$$K$$) under goes irreversible process between equilibrium state $$1\,\,\left( {{{20}^ \circ }C,\,\,0.9\,\,{m^3}} \right)$$ and equilibrium state $$2\,\,\left( {{{20}^ \circ }C,\,\,0....

One side of a wall is maintained at $$400K$$ and the other at $$300K.$$ The rate of heat transfer through the wall is $$1000W$$ and the surrounding temperature is $${25^ \circ }C.$$ Assuming no generation of heat within...

Which one of the following pairs of equations describes an irreversible heat engine?

The maximum theoretical work obtainable, when a system interacts to equilibrium with a reference environment, is called

Two identical metal blocks $$L$$ and $$M$$ (specific heat $$=0.4$$ $$kJ/kg.K$$), each having a mass of $$5$$ $$kg,$$ are initially at $$313$$ $$K.$$ A reversible refrigerator extracts heat from block $$L$$ and rejects he...

A closed system contains $$10$$ $$kg$$ of saturated liquid ammonia at $${10^ \circ }C.$$ Heat addition required to convert the entire liquid into saturated vapour at a constant pressure is $$16.2$$ $$MJ.$$ If the entropy...

A source at temperature of $$500K$$ provides $$1000$$ $$kJ$$ of heat. The temperature of environment is $${27^ \circ }C.$$ The maximum useful work (in $$kJ$$) that can be obtained from the heat source is __________

An amount of $$100$$ $$kW$$ of heat is transferred through a wall in steady state. One side of the wall is maintained at $${127^ \circ }C$$ and the other side at $${27^ \circ }C$$. The entropy generated $$($$in $$W/K)$$...

A reversible heat engine receives $$2$$ $$kJ$$ of heat from a reservoir at $$1000$$ $$K$$ and a certain amount of heat from a reservoir at $$800$$ $$K$$. It rejects $$1$$ $$kJ$$ of heat to a reservoir at $$400$$ $$K.$$ T...

The pressure, temperature and velocity of air flowing in a pipe are $$5$$ $$bar,$$ $$500$$ $$K$$ and $$50$$ $$m/s,$$ respectively. The specific heats of air at constant pressure and at constant volume are $$1.005kJ/kgK$$...

An ideal gas of mass $$m$$ and temperature $${T_1}$$ undergoes a reversible isothermal process from an initial pressure $${P_1}$$ to final pressure $$P{}_2.$$ The heat loss during the process is $$Q$$. The entropy change...

In an experimental set-up, air flows between two stations $$P$$ and $$Q$$ adiabatically. The direction of flow depends on the pressure and temperature conditions maintained at $$P$$ and $$Q$$. The conditions at station $...

In an experimental set-up, air flows between two stations $$P$$ and $$Q$$ adiabatically. The direction of flow depends on the pressure and temperature conditions maintained at $$P$$ and $$Q$$. The conditions at station $...

Consider the following two processes; $$\left( {\rm I} \right)$$ A heat source at $$1200$$ $$K$$ loses $$2500$$ $$kJ$$ of heat to a sink at $$800$$ $$K$$ $$\left( {\rm II} \right)$$ A heat source at $$800$$ $$K$$ loses $...

One kilogram of water at room temperature is brought into contact with a high temperature thermal reservoir. The entropy change of the universe is

If a closed system is undergoing an irreversible process, the entropy of the system

$$2$$ moles of oxygen are mixed adiabatically with another $$2$$ moles of oxygen in mixing chamber, so that the final total pressure and temperature of the mixture become same as those of the individual constituents at,...

A heat transformer is a device that transfers a part of the heat, supplied to it at an intermediate temperature, to a high temperature reservoir while rejecting the remaining part to a low temperature heat sink. In such...

An irreversible heat engine extracts heat from a high temperature source at a rate of $$100kW$$ and rejects heat to a sink at a rate of $$50kW.$$ The entire work output of the heat engine is used to drive a reversible he...

A steel billet of $$2000$$ $$kg$$ mass is to be cooled from $$1250$$ $$K$$ to $$450$$ $$K.$$ The heat released during this process is to be used as a source of energy. The ambient temperature is $$303$$ $$K$$ and specifi...

A solar collector receiving solar radiation at the rate of $$0.6$$$$kW/{m^2}$$ transforms it to the internal energy of a fluid at an overall efficiency of $$50\% $$. The fluid heated to $$350$$ $$K$$ is used to run a hea...

Nitrogen gas (molecular weight $$28$$) is enclosed in a cylinder by a piston, at the initial condition of $$2$$ bar, $$298$$ $$K$$ and $$1\,\,{m^3}$$. In a particular process, the gas slowly expands under isothermal cond...

Considering the relationship $$TdS=dU+PdV$$ between the entropy $$(S),$$ internal energy $$(U),$$ pressure $$(P),$$temperature $$(T)$$ and volume $$(V),$$ Which of the following statements is correct?

A Carnot cycle is having an efficiency of $$0.75.$$ If the temperature of the high temperature reservoir is $${727^ \circ }C,$$ what is the temperature of low temperature reservoir?

A cyclic heat engine does $$50$$ $$kJ$$ of work per cycle. If the efficiency of the heat engine is $$75\% $$, then heat rejected per cycle is

Availability of a system at any given state is

A system undergoes a state change from $$1$$ to $$2.$$ According to the second law of thermodynamics, for the process to be feasible, the entropy changes, $${S_2} - {S_1}$$ of the system

At a place where the surroundings are at $$1$$ bar $${27^ \circ }C,$$ a closed rigid thermally insulated tank contains $$2$$ $$kg$$ air at $$2$$ bar, $${27^ \circ }C,$$ This air is then churned for a while, by a paddle w...

For an ideal gas the expression $$\left[ {T{{\left( {{{\delta s} \over {\delta T}}} \right)}_p} - T{{\left( {{{\delta s} \over {\delta T}}} \right)}_v}} \right]$$ is always equal to :

A solar energy based heat engine which receives $$80$$ $$kJ$$ of heat at $${100^ \circ }C$$ and rejects $$70$$ $$kJ$$ of heat to the ambient at $${30^ \circ }C$$ is to be designed. The thermal efficiency of the heat engi...

In the case of a refrigeration system undergoing an irreversible cycle, $$\oint {{{SQ} \over T}} $$ is _____________$$\left( { < 0/ = 0/ > 0} \right)$$

A heat reservoir at $$900$$ $$K$$ is brought into contact with the ambient at $$300$$ $$K$$ for a short time. During this period $$9000$$ $$kJ$$ of heat is lost by the heat reservoir. The total loss in availability due t...

One kilomole of an ideal gas is throttled from an initial pressure of $$0.5$$ $$MPa$$ to $$0.1$$ $$MPa.$$ The initial temperature is $$300$$ $$K.$$ The entropy change of the universe is:

The slopes of constant volume and constant pressure lines in the $$T$$-$$s$$ diagram are ___________ and ___________respectively.

A $$1500$$ $$W$$ electrical heater is used to heat $$20$$ $$kg$$ of water $$\left( {{C_p} = 4186\,\,J/kg\,\,K} \right)$$ in an insulated bucket, from a temperature of $${30^{^0}}C$$ to $${80^{^0}}C$$. If the heater tempe...

Any thermodynamic cycle operating between two temperature limits is reversible if the product of efficiency when operating as a heat engine and the coefficient of performance when operating as a refrigeration is equal to...

A rigid insulated cylinder has two compartments separated by a thin membrane. While one compartment contains one kmol nitrogen at a certain pressure and temperature, the other contains one kmol carbon dioxide at the same...

When a system executes an irreversible cycle:

A power station produces $$500$$ $$MW$$ of power. Assuming a plant thermal efficiency of $$33.3$$ percent, calculate the rate of cooling water flow required in tons per hour, if the rise of cooling water temperature is t...