Conduction

Consider a laterally insulated rod of length L and constant thermal conductivity. Assuming one-dimensional heat conduction in the rod, which of the following steady-state temperature profile(s) can occur without internal...

Consider a rod of uniform thermal conductivity whose one end (x = 0) is insulated and the other end (x = L) is exposed to flow of air at temperature T ∞ with convective heat transfer coefficient h. The cylindrical surfac...

The heat loss from a fin is $$6W.$$ The effectiveness of the fin are $$3$$ and $$0.75,$$ respectively. The heat loss (in $$W$$) from the fin, keeping the entire fin surface at base temperature, is ___________________

Heat is generated uniformly in a long solid cylindrical rod ( diameter $$ = 10\,\,mm$$) at the rate of $$4 \times {10^7}\,\,W/{m^3}.$$ The thermal conductivity of the rod material is $$25$$ $$W/m.K.$$ Under steady state...

A metal ball of diameter $$60mm$$ is initially at $${220^ \circ }C.$$ The ball is suddenly cooled by an air jet of $${20^ \circ }C.$$ The heat transfer coefficient is $$200\,W/{m^2}.K.$$ The specific heat, thermal conduc...

A plastic sleeve of outer radius $${r_0} = 1\,\,mm$$ covers a wire (radius $$r = 0.5$$ $$mm$$) carrying electric current. Thermal conductivity of the plastic is $$0.15\,\,W/m$$-$$K$$. The heat transfer coefficient on the...

A cylindrical steel rod, $$0.01$$ $$m$$ in diameter and $$0.2$$ $$m$$ in length is first heated to $${750^ \circ }C$$ and then immersed in a water bath at $${100^ \circ }C.$$ The heat transfer coefficient is $$250\,W/{m^...

A hollow cylinder has length $$L,$$ inner radius $${{r_1}}$$, outer radius $${{r_2}}$$, and thermal conductivity $$k.$$ The thermal resistance of the cylinder for radial conduction is

A steel ball of $$10$$ $$mm$$ diameter at $$1000$$ $$K$$ is required to be cooled to $$350$$ $$K$$ by immersing it in a water environment at $$300$$ $$K.$$ The convective heat transfer coefficient is $$1000\,\,W/{m^2}$$-...

A $$10$$ $$mm$$ diameter electrical conductor is covered by an insulation of $$2$$ $$mm$$ thickness. The conductivity of the insulation is $$0.08$$ $$W/m$$-$$K$$ and the convection coefficient at the insulation surface i...

A brick wall $$\,\left( {k = 0.9{W \over {m.K}}} \right)$$ of thickness $$0.18$$ $$m$$ separates the warm air in a room from the cold ambient air. On a particular winter day, the outside air temperature is −$${5^ \circ }...

A cylindrical uranium fuel rod of radius 5 mm in a nuclear reactor is generating heat at the rate of $$4 \times {10^7}\,\,W/{m^3}.$$ The rod is cooled by a liquid (convective heat transfer coefficient $$1000W/{m^2}$$-$$K...

Consider a long cylindrical tube of inner and outer radii, $${r_i}$$ and $${r_0}$$ , respectively, length, $$L$$ and thermal conductivity, $$k.$$ Its inner and outer surfaces are maintained at $${T_i}$$ and $${T_0}$$ , r...

As the temperature increases, the thermal conductivity of a gas

A plane wall has a thermal conductivity of $$1.15$$ $$W/m.K.$$ If the inner surface is at $${1100^ \circ }C$$ and the outer surface is at $${350^ \circ }C$$, then the design thickness (in meter) of the wall to maintain a...

Biot number signifies the ratio of

A steel ball of diameter $$60$$ $$mm$$ is initially in thermal equilibrium at $${1030^ \circ }C$$ in a furnace. It is suddenly removed from the furnace and cooled in ambient air at $${30^ \circ }C$$ with convective heat...

Consider one-dimensional steady state heat conduction along x-axis $$\left( {0 \le x \le L} \right),$$ through a planewall with the boundary surfaces $$(x=0$$ and $$x=L)$$ maintained at temperatures of $${0^ \circ }C$$ a...

Which one of the following configurations has the highest fin effectiveness?

A spherical steel ball of $$12mm$$ diameter is initially at $$100K.$$ It is slowly cooled in a surrounding of $$300K.$$ The heat transfer coefficient between the steel ball and the surrounding is $$5W/{m^2}K.$$ The therm...

A pipe of $$25$$ $$mm$$ outer diameter carries steam. The heat transfer coefficient between the cylinder and surrounding is $$5$$ $$W/{m^2}K.$$ It is propsed to reduce the heat loss from the pipe by adding insulation hav...

A fin has $$5mm$$ diameter and $$100mm$$ length. The thermal conductivity of fin material is $$400W/m K.$$ One end of the fin is maintained at $${130^ \circ }C$$ and its remaining surface is exposed to ambient air at $${...

Consider steady one-dimensional heat flow in a plate of $$20mm$$ thickness with a uniform heat generation of $$80MW/{m^3}.$$ The left and right faces are kept at constant temperatures of $${160^0}C$$ and $${120^0}C$$ res...

The average heat transfer coefficient on a thin hot vertical plate suspended in still air can be determined from observations of the change in plate temperature with time as it cools. Assume the plate temp to be uniform...

Building has to be maintained at $${21^ \circ }C$$ (dry bulb) and $${14.5^ \circ }C$$ (wet bulb). The dew point temp under these conditions is $${10.17^0}C$$. The outside temp is $$ - {23^0}C$$ (dry bulb) and internal an...

Consider steady one-dimensional heat flow in a plate of $$20mm$$ thickness with a uniform heat generation of $$80MW/{m^3}.$$ The left and right faces are kept at constant temperatures of $${160^0}C$$ and $${120^0}C$$ res...

With an increase in the thickness of insulation around a circular pipe, heat loss to surroundings due to

In case of one dimensional heat conduction in a medium with constant properties, $$T$$ is the temperature at position $$x,$$ at time $$t.$$ Then $${{\partial T} \over {\partial t}}$$ is proportional to

A small copper ball of $$5$$ $$mm$$ diameter at $$500$$ $$K$$ is dropped into an oil bath whose temperature is $$300$$ $$K.$$ the thermal conductivity of copper is $$400$$ $$W/m.$$ $$K,$$ its density $$9000\,\,kg/{m^3}$$...

A spherical thermocouple junction of diameter $$0.706 mm$$ is to be used for the measurement of temperature of a gas stream. The convective heat transfer co-efficient on the bead surface is $$400W/{m^2}K.$$ Thermo-physic...

One dimensional unsteady state heat transfer equation for a sphere with heat generation at the rate $$'{q_g}',$$ can be written as

The value of Biot number is very small (less than $$0.1$$), when

A copper tube of $$20$$ $$mm$$ outer diameter, $$1$$ $$mm$$ thickness and $$20$$ $$m$$ long (Thermal conducti-vity$$ = 400$$ $$W/mK$$) is carrying saturated steam at $${150^ \circ }C$$ (Convective $$HTC\,\, = \,\,150\,\,...

In descending order of magnitude, the thermal conductivity of $$(a)$$ Pure iron, $$(b)$$ liquid water, $$(c)$$ saturated water vapour, and $$(d)$$ aluminum can be arranged as

Lumped heat transfer analysis of a solid object suddenly exposed to a fluid medium at a different temp is valid when.

It is proposed to coat a $$1mm$$ diameter wire with enamel paint $$\left( {k\,\,\,\, = 0.1W/m} \right.$$ - $$\left. K \right)$$ to increase heat transfer with air. If the air side heat transfer co-efficiency is $$100$$ $...

A gas filled tube has $$2$$ $$mm$$ inside diameter and $$25$$ $$cm$$ length. The gas is heated by an electrical wire of diameter $$50$$ microns ($$0.05$$ $$mm$$) located along the axis of the tube. Current and voltage dr...

For a given heat flow and for the same thickness, the temp drop across the material will be maximum for

For a current carrying wire of $$20$$ $$mm$$ diameter and having $$k=0.5W/mK$$ is exposed to air $$\left( {h = 20W/{m^2}K} \right),$$ maximum heat dissiption occurs when thickness of insulation is

Two insulting materials of thermal conductivity $$K$$ and $$2K$$ are available for lagging a pipe carrying a hot fluid. If the radial thickness of each material is same

When the fluid velocity is doubled the thermal time constant of a thermometer used for measuring the fluid temperature reduces by a factor of $$2$$

An electric hot plate is maintained at a temperature of $${350^ \circ }C,$$ and is used to keep a solution boiling at $${95^ \circ }C.$$ The solution is contained in cast iron vessel of wall thickness $$25mm,$$ which is...

Two rods, one of length $$L$$ and the other of length $$2L$$ are made of the same material and have the same diameter. The two ends of the longer rod are maintained at $${100^ \circ }C.$$ One end of the shorter end is ma...

Match the property with their units Property $$A.$$ Bulk modulus $$B.$$ Thermal conductivity $$C.$$ Heat transfer coefficient $$D.$$ Heart flow rate Units $$1.$$ $$W/s$$ $$2.$$ $$N/{m^2}$$ $$3.$$ $$N/{m^3}$$ $$4.$$ $$W$$...

An iron rod $$\left( {K = 41.5W/mK} \right)$$ of $$15mm$$ diameter and $$160mm$$ long extends out of a hot surface of temp $${150^ \circ }C$$ into environment at $${36^ \circ }C.$$The free end of the rod is insulated. If...

Thermal conductivity is lower for

The heat transfer process between a body and its ambient is governed by an internal conductive resistance $$\left( {{\rm I}CR} \right)$$ and an external convective resistance $$(ECR).$$ The body can be considered to be a...

The total efficiency, $${\eta _t}$$ for a finned surface may be defined as the ratio of the total heat transferred by the combined area of the fins, $${A_r},$$ and the exposed surface to that by the total area, $$A$$, if...