🔄कर्तृवाच्य-कर्मवाच्य (Active-Passive Voice)
Active-Passive Voice
काल के अनुसार पूरे बदलाव के नियम। यह तालिका याद करनी होगी।
समझें — Concept
Active voice (कर्तृवाच्य): कर्ता (subject) काम करता है। "The cat (कर्ता) ate (क्रिया) the fish (कर्म)।" Passive voice (कर्मवाच्य): कर्म (object) कर्ता बन जाता है। "The fish (कर्ता) was eaten (क्रिया) by the cat।" बदलाव का सूत्र: कर्म + सहायक क्रिया (BE का रूप) + भूतकालिक कृदंत (V3) + by + कर्ता। सबसे मुश्किल हिस्सा यह है कि काल के अनुसार "BE" का सही रूप चुनना: Simple Present: am/is/are + V3 ("He writes a letter" → "A letter is written by him") Present Continuous: am/is/are + being + V3 ("He is writing" → "A letter is being written") Present Perfect: has/have + been + V3 ("He has written" → "A letter has been written") Simple Past: was/were + V3 ("He wrote" → "A letter was written") Past Continuous: was/were + being + V3 ("He was writing" → "A letter was being written") Past Perfect: had + been + V3 ("He had written" → "A letter had been written") Simple Future: will + be + V3 ("He will write" → "A letter will be written") Future Perfect: will + have + been + V3 ("He will have written" → "A letter will have been written") सर्वनाम बदलाव: I→me, we→us, he→him, she→her, they→them, you→you (कोई बदलाव नहीं)।
सूत्र / नियम — Formula / Rule
Active → Passive बदलाव तालिका: | काल | Active | Passive | |---------------------|---------------------|----------------------| | Simple Present | V1/V1+s | is/am/are + V3 | | Present Continuous | is/am/are + V-ing | is/am/are + being + V3 | | Present Perfect | has/have + V3 | has/have + been + V3 | | Simple Past | V2 | was/were + V3 | | Past Continuous | was/were + V-ing | was/were + being + V3 | | Past Perfect | had + V3 | had + been + V3 | | Simple Future | will + V1 | will + be + V3 | | Future Perfect | will + have + V3 | will + have + been + V3 | Modal verbs: can/could/may/might/should/must + V1 → can/could/may/might/should/must + be + V3
सबसे बड़ी गलतियाँ — Common Mistakes
सर्वनाम बदलना भूलना: 'I teach them' → 'They are taught by ME' ('by I' नहीं)
Simple Past में 'being' लगाना: 'was written' सही है, 'was being written' Past Continuous है
V2 (भूतकाल) और V3 (भूतकालिक कृदंत) में confusion: 'wrote' (V2) बनाम 'written' (V3), 'ate' (V2) बनाम 'eaten' (V3)
जब ज़रूरत न हो तब भी 'by' लगाना: 'Someone stole my bag' → 'My bag was stolen' ('by someone' नहीं चाहिए)
हल किए गए उदाहरण — Worked Examples
Passive voice में बदलें: 'The police have arrested the thief.'
Passive voice में बदलें: 'She is teaching the students.'
Passive voice में बदलें: 'They will have completed the project by Monday.'
टिप्स — Tips
सबसे पहले काल (TENSE) पहचानो — काल पता चलते ही 80% काम हो गया
याद रखो: सिर्फ़ सकर्मक क्रियाएँ (जिनमें कर्म हो) passive में बदल सकती हैं
अगर कर्ता स्पष्ट है या महत्वहीन है, तो 'by + कर्ता' हटा दो: 'English is spoken here' ('by people' नहीं)