›**Constitutional basis**: Article 39A of the Constitution provides for free legal aid to poor and weaker sections; Articles 14 and 22(1) make it obligatory for the State to ensure equality before law and a legal system promoting justice on basis of equal opportunity (Laxmikanth ch36-subordinate-courts)
›**Enacted**: Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987 by Parliament; came into force on 9th November, 1995 (Laxmikanth ch36-subordinate-courts)
›**Primary function**: Monitor and evaluate implementation of legal aid programmes and lay down policies and principles for making legal services available under the Act (Laxmikanth ch36-subordinate-courts)
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The National Legal Services Authority (NLSA) is a statutory body established under the Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987 to monitor and evaluate implementation of legal aid programmes and to lay down policies and principles for making legal services available. The Act was enacted in 1987 by Parliament and came into force on 9th November, 1995, with the primary objective of ensuring access to justice for weaker sections of society based on Article 39A of the Constitution, which provides for free legal aid to the poor.
The NLSA operates as the apex body in a three-tiered structure comprising State Legal Services Authorities, High Court Legal Services Committees, District Legal Services Authorities, and Taluk Legal Services Committees. Together, these bodies implement a nationwide uniform network for providing free and competent legal services to the weaker sections of society on the basis of equal opportunity.
All key facts
›**Constitutional basis**: Article 39A of the Constitution provides for free legal aid to poor and weaker sections; Articles 14 and 22(1) make it obligatory for the State to ensure equality before law and a legal system promoting justice on basis of equal opportunity (Laxmikanth ch36-subordinate-courts)
›**Enacted**: Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987 by Parliament; came into force on 9th November, 1995 (Laxmikanth ch36-subordinate-courts)
›**Primary function**: Monitor and evaluate implementation of legal aid programmes and lay down policies and principles for making legal services available under the Act (Laxmikanth ch36-subordinate-courts)
›**Three-tiered structure**: NLSA at apex; State Legal Services Authority and High Court Legal Services Committee in each state/high court; District Legal Services Authorities and Taluk Legal Services Committees in districts and most taluks (Laxmikanth ch36-subordinate-courts)
›**Supreme Court Committee**: Supreme Court Legal Services Committee constituted to administer and implement the legal services programme relating to the Supreme Court of India (Laxmikanth ch36-subordinate-courts)
›**Policy functions**: NLSA lays down policies, principles, guidelines and frames effective and economical schemes for the State Legal Services Authorities to implement Legal Services Programmes throughout the country (Laxmikanth ch36-subordinate-courts)
›**Main functions of state/district authorities**: (1) Provide free and competent legal services to eligible persons; (2) Organise Lok Adalats for amicable settlement of disputes; (3) Organise legal awareness camps in rural areas (Laxmikanth ch36-subordinate-courts)
›**Free legal services include**: (a) Payment of court fee, process fees and all other charges payable or incurred in connection with legal proceedings; (b) Providing service of lawyers in legal proceedings; (c) Obtaining and supply of certified copies of orders and other documents in legal proceedings; (d) Preparation of appeal, paper book including printing and translation of documents in legal proceedings (Laxmikanth ch36-subordinate-courts)
›**Eligible persons**: (i) Women and children; (ii) Members of SC/ST; (iii) Industrial workmen; (iv) Victims of mass disaster, violence, flood, drought, earthquake, industrial disaster; (v) Disabled persons; (vi) Persons in custody; (vii) Persons whose annual income does not exceed ₹1 lakh (₹1,25,000/- in Supreme Court Legal Services Committee); (viii) Victims of trafficking in human beings or begar (Laxmikanth ch36-subordinate-courts)
lok adalatsfamily courtsgram nyayalayasright to equalityright to life and personal liberty
›Headed by **Director-General** appointed by the Central Government (Laxmikant p.1064)
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The National Investigation Agency (NIA) is India's central counter-terrorism law enforcement agency, constituted in 2009 under the NIA Act, 2008. It was established in the aftermath of the 2008 Mumbai terror attacks (26/11 incident). The NIA operates as a federal agency with concurrent jurisdiction, meaning it can take over cases from state police without requiring state consent. It works under the administrative control of the Ministry of Home Affairs.
The NIA Act, 2008 was amended in 2019 to extend the NIA's jurisdiction to extra-territorial offences (offences committed by Indian citizens outside India or affecting India's interests), and to add new categories of scheduled offences including human trafficking, counterfeit currency, cyber-terrorism, and manufacture/sale of prohibited arms.
The establishment of the NIA was grounded in India's experience with large-scale cross-border terrorism, complex inter-state and international criminal linkages involving arms smuggling, drugs trafficking, fake currency circulation, and border infiltration. Several expert committees and the Second Administrative Reforms Commission recommended creating such a central agency to investigate offences with national ramifications.
›NIA has **concurrent jurisdiction** to investigate offences affecting sovereignty, security, integrity of India (Laxmikant p.1066)
›Original jurisdiction included: terror attacks, bomb blasts, hijacking of aircraft/ships, attacks on nuclear installations, WMD use (Laxmikant p.1066)
›**NIA Amendment Act, 2019** extended jurisdiction to: human trafficking, counterfeit currency/bank notes, manufacture/sale of prohibited arms, **cyber-terrorism**, explosive substances (Laxmikant p.1066)
›2019 amendment also allowed NIA to investigate offences committed **outside India** against Indian citizens or affecting India's interests (Laxmikant p.1067)
›NIA officers have powers similar to **Director-General of Police** of a state (Laxmikant p.1064)
›State governments must extend **all assistance and co-operation** to NIA (Laxmikant p.1064)
›Second ARC (headed by Veerappa Moily) recommended establishing NIA in its report 'Combating Terrorism' (2008) (Laxmikant p.1068)
chief ministergovernorspecial provisions for statesstate council of ministersstate legislature
Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI)
›Established: 1963 by resolution of Ministry of Home Affairs (Laxmikant p.1041)
›Recommended by: Santhanam Committee (1962–64)
›Nature: NOT statutory, NOT constitutional — derives powers from DSPE Act 1946
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The Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) is the main investigating agency of the Central Government. It is **NOT a statutory body** — it derives its powers from the **Delhi Special Police Establishment (DSPE) Act, 1946**, but was set up by a resolution of the Ministry of Home Affairs in 1963.
**Establishment and History:**
- Set up in 1963 by a resolution of the Ministry of Home Affairs
- Later transferred to the Ministry of Personnel; currently an attached office under the **Department of Personnel and Training (DoPT)**
- Its establishment was recommended by the **Santhanam Committee on Prevention of Corruption (1962–1964)**
- The Special Police Establishment (SPE), which looked into vigilance cases and was set up in 1941, was merged with the CBI
**Motto:** Industry, Impartiality, Integrity
**Mission:** To uphold the Constitution of India and law of the land through in-depth investigation and successful prosecution of offences; to provide leadership and direction to police forces and to act as the nodal agency for enhancing inter-state and international cooperation in law enforcement.
**Vision:** Combating corruption, curbing economic and violent crimes, evolving effective investigation and prosecution systems, helping fight cyber and high-technology crime, creating a healthy work environment, supporting state police organisations, playing a lead role against organised crime, upholding human rights, developing scientific temper, striving for excellence and professionalism.
**Nature:** NOT a statutory body; NOT a constitutional body. Derives powers from the DSPE Act 1946.
**Distinction from NIA:** CBI investigates corruption, economic offences and serious/organised crimes (other than terrorism). The NIA (created post-2008 Mumbai attack) investigates terrorist attacks, terrorism funding and terror-related crimes.
**Role and Importance:** The CBI plays an important role in the prevention of corruption and maintaining integrity in administration. It also provides assistance to the Central Vigilance Commission and Lokpal.
**Organisation (as of 2019 — 7 divisions):**
1. Anti-Corruption Division
2. Economic Offences Division
3. Special Crimes Division
4. Policy and Coordination Division
5. Administration Division
6. Directorate of Prosecution
7. Central Forensic Science Laboratory
(Originally 1963: 6 divisions — Investigation and Anti-Corruption Division, Technical Division, Crime Records and Statistics Division, Research Division, Legal and General Division, Administration Division)
**Composition:**
- Headed by a Director (Inspector-General of Police, Delhi Special Police Establishment)
- Special Director or Additional Director assists the Director
- Has Joint Directors, Deputy Inspector Generals, Superintendents of Police, and other police ranks
- About 5000 staff, 125 forensic scientists, 250 law officers
**Appointment of Director (post Lokpal Act 2013 amendment):**
- Appointed by Central Government on recommendation of a 3-member committee: PM (Chairperson), Leader of Opposition in Lok Sabha, Chief Justice of India or nominated Supreme Court judge
- Where no recognised LoP: leader of single largest opposition party in Lok Sabha (per DSPE Amendment Act 2014)
- Director has security of 2-year tenure (by CVC Act 2003)
**Superintendence:**
- For PC Act 1988 investigations: CVC exercises superintendence over CBI
- For all other matters: Central Government exercises superintendence
**Appointments of SP-level and above in CBI (post Lokpal Act 2013):**
- On recommendation of a committee: CVC (Chairperson), two Vigilance Commissioners, Secretary of Home Ministry, Secretary of DoPT
**Functions:**
- Investigate cases of corruption, bribery and misconduct of Central government employees
- Investigate infringement of fiscal and economic laws (export/import control, customs, excise, income tax, FEMA etc.) — in consultation with or at request of concerned department
- Investigate serious crimes with national/international ramifications by organised criminal gangs
- Coordinate activities of anti-corruption agencies and state police forces
- Take up, on state government request, any case of public importance
- Maintain crime statistics and disseminate criminal information
- Investigates corruption-related cases, economic offences, and conventional crimes.
- Takes up investigation of conventional crimes like murder, kidnapping, rape etc., on reference from state governments or when directed by Supreme Court/High Courts.
**Additional role:**
- Acts as the **National Central Bureau of Interpol** in India — coordinates Interpol-related investigation requests
**CBI vs. State Police (SPE supplementary role):**
- SPE (division of CBI) supplements state police; both enjoy concurrent powers under DSPE Act 1946
- SPE takes cases substantially concerned with Central Government affairs/employees
- State police takes cases substantially concerned with state government affairs/employees
- SPE also takes up cases against employees of public undertakings or statutory bodies established and financed by the Central Government.
**Prior Permission (Section 6A DSPE Act — now struck down):**
- Earlier: CBI needed prior Central Government approval to investigate officers of Joint Secretary rank and above
- Supreme Court on 6 May 2014: held Section 6A unconstitutional (violative of Article 14 — equality); CBI can now investigate any officer without prior sanction
**CBI Academy:** Located at Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh (operational since 1996; earlier at CBI Training Centre, New Delhi). Three regional training centres at Kolkata, Mumbai, Chennai. Two types of courses: Short Term In-service Courses and Long Term Basic Courses.
**Directorate of Prosecution (post Lokpal Act 2013):**
- Headed by a Director, an officer not below the rank of Joint Secretary.
- Appointed by the Central Government on the recommendation of the Central Vigilance Commission.
- Holds office for a period of two years.
- Functions under the overall supervision and control of the Director of CBI.
All key facts
›Established: 1963 by resolution of Ministry of Home Affairs (Laxmikant p.1041)
›Recommended by: Santhanam Committee (1962–64)
›Nature: NOT statutory, NOT constitutional — derives powers from DSPE Act 1946
›Under: DoPT (Department of Personnel and Training), Ministry of Personnel
›Motto: Industry, Impartiality, Integrity
›Mission: To uphold the Constitution and law through in-depth investigation and successful prosecution; provide leadership to police forces; act as nodal agency for inter-state and international law enforcement cooperation.
›7 current divisions (as of 2019)
›Director: appointed by PM + LoP + CJI committee; 2-year security of tenure
›Directorate of Prosecution: headed by a Director (Joint Secretary rank or above), appointed by Central Government on CVC recommendation for a two-year term.
›Appointment of officers of SP rank and above in CBI: on recommendation of a committee chaired by CVC.
›CVC superintendence: only for PC Act 1988 investigations
›National Central Bureau of Interpol: CBI
›SC struck down Section 6A (prior permission for Joint Secretary and above): 6 May 2014
borrowed featuresconstituent assemblyequality political and socialfunctions of constitutionpreamblechief minister
National and State Human Rights Commissions (NHRC and SHRC)
›Both NHRC and SHRC: statutory bodies under Protection of Human Rights Act 1993 (Laxmikant pp.998, 1007)
›NHRC established: 1993 (ordinance 28 Sept 1993; Act from 8 Jan 1994 with retrospective effect)
›26 states have SHRCs as of 2019
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Both the National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) and State Human Rights Commissions (SHRCs) are **statutory bodies** established under the **Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993** (PHR Act). They are NOT constitutional bodies. The NHRC was established in 1993 (the President promulgated the ordinance on 28 September 1993; the Act received Presidential assent on 8 January 1994, with retrospective effect from 28 September 1993). The commission acts as the watchdog of human rights in the country.
**Human rights** in this context refers to rights relating to life, liberty, equality and dignity guaranteed by the Constitution or embodied in international covenants (ICCPR and ICESCR, adopted by UN General Assembly on 16 December 1966; India acceded on 10 April 1979) and enforceable by courts in India.
The specific objectives for the establishment of the commission include strengthening institutional arrangements for addressing human rights issues, independently looking into allegations of excesses, and complementing existing efforts in this direction.
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### National Human Rights Commission (NHRC)
**Composition (after 2019 Amendment):**
- Chairperson: retired Chief Justice of India **or** a retired judge of the Supreme Court
- Full-time Members (5 total): (1) serving or retired SC judge; (2) serving or retired Chief Justice of a High Court; (3) three persons having knowledge/practical experience in human rights — at least one must be a woman
- Ex-officio Members (7): Chairpersons of — National Commission for Minorities, NCSC, NCST, National Commission for Women, NCBC, National Commission for Protection of Child Rights, and the Chief Commissioner for Persons with Disabilities
**Appointment:** By the President on recommendation of a 6-member committee: PM (head), Speaker of Lok Sabha, Deputy Chairman of Rajya Sabha, leaders of Opposition in both Houses, Union Home Minister. A sitting SC judge or sitting Chief Justice of HC can be appointed only after consultation with the Chief Justice of India.
**Tenure (after 2019 Amendment):** Three years or until age 70, whichever is earlier. Eligible for reappointment. After tenure, not eligible for further employment under Central or state government.
**Removal:** By the President. On specific grounds (insolvency, paid employment, infirmity etc.) — no Supreme Court reference needed. For proved misbehaviour or incapacity — President must refer to Supreme Court; SC advice is binding.
**Salaries, allowances, and other conditions of service** of the chairperson and members are determined by the Central government, but they cannot be varied to their disadvantage after appointment.
---
### State Human Rights Commission (SHRC)
**Jurisdiction:** Can inquire ONLY into violations in respect of subjects mentioned in the **State List (List II)** and **Concurrent List (List III)**. If the NHRC or any other statutory commission is already inquiring into a case, the SHRC does not take it up.
Union territories (except Delhi): Central government may confer SHRC functions on relevant SHRC for a UT. Delhi's HR matters are handled by NHRC.
**Composition (after 2006 Amendment + 2019 Amendment):**
- Chairperson: retired Chief Justice of a High Court **or** a retired judge of a High Court
- Members (2): (1) serving or retired HC judge, or District Judge with minimum 7 years as District Judge; (2) person with knowledge/practical experience in human rights
- Total: 1 Chairperson + 2 Members = 3 members (reduced from 5 by 2006 Amendment)
**Appointment:** By the Governor on recommendation of a committee: Chief Minister (head), Speaker of Legislative Assembly, State Home Minister, Leader of Opposition in Legislative Assembly. In states with Legislative Council: Chairman of Council and Leader of Opposition in Council are also members. A sitting HC judge or sitting District Judge can be appointed only after consultation with the Chief Justice of that HC.
**Tenure:** Three years or until age 70, whichever is earlier. Eligible for reappointment. After tenure, not eligible for further employment under any state or Central government.
**Removal:** Although appointed by the Governor, can only be removed by the **President** (not the Governor) — same grounds and procedure as NHRC.
---
### Common Features (NHRC and SHRC)
**Functions:**
- Inquire into HR violations or negligence in prevention by a public servant: suo motu, on petition, or on court order
- Intervene in court proceedings involving HR allegations
- Visit jails and detention places; make recommendations on conditions
- Review constitutional and legal safeguards for HR; recommend improvements
- Review factors (including terrorism) inhibiting HR enjoyment
- Study treaties and international instruments on HR; recommend implementation
- Undertake and promote HR research; spread HR literacy
- Encourage NGO efforts in HR
- Undertake such other functions as it may consider necessary for the promotion of human rights.
**NHRC additional function:** Study international instruments and make recommendations for implementation
**Working:**
- Powers of a civil court; proceedings have judicial character
- Commission cannot inquire into any matter after **one year** from the date of the alleged violation
- Can call for information/reports from Central and state governments or any other authority subordinate thereto.
- It has its own nucleus of investigating staff and can utilize services of any Central or state government investigation agency.
- It also cooperates with NGOs having first-hand information about human rights violations.
**Steps during/after inquiry:**
- Recommend payment of compensation/damages to victim
- Recommend initiation of prosecution against guilty public servant
- Recommend immediate interim relief
- Approach Supreme Court or High Court for necessary directions, orders or writs
**Role:** Purely recommendatory — cannot punish violators or award monetary relief directly. Recommendations not binding on government but government must inform about action taken within **one month**. A former member has observed that its role is not powerless as no government can ignore its recommendations.
**NHRC and armed forces:** Limited role — may seek report from Central government and make recommendations. Government informs NHRC of action taken within **three months** (longer than the one-month window for other recommendations).
**Reports:** NHRC submits annual and special reports to Central government and concerned state governments. Reports are laid before respective legislatures with memorandum on action taken and reasons for non-acceptance.
**Human Rights Courts:** PHR Act also provides for Human Rights Courts in every district for speedy trial of HR violations. Set up by state government only with concurrence of the Chief Justice of that HC. Each court has a special public prosecutor (advocate with 7 years practice minimum).
**2019 Amendment (Protection of Human Rights Amendment Act, 2019):**
1. Person who has been a judge of the SC (not just Chief Justice of India) eligible as NHRC Chairperson
2. NHRC members with HR experience increased from 2 to 3; at least one must be a woman
3. NCBC Chairperson, NCPCR Chairperson and Chief Commissioner for Persons with Disabilities added as NHRC ex-officio members
4. Term reduced from 5 to **3 years**; made eligible for reappointment
5. Person who has been a HC judge (not just Chief Justice of HC) eligible as SHRC Chairperson
6. Central government may confer UT HR functions on SHRCs (except Delhi → NHRC)
7. Secretary-General of NHRC to exercise administrative and financial powers (except judicial and regulation-making)
8. Secretary of SHRC to exercise administrative and financial powers subject to chairperson's control
All key facts
›Both NHRC and SHRC: statutory bodies under Protection of Human Rights Act 1993 (Laxmikant pp.998, 1007)
›NHRC established: 1993 (ordinance 28 Sept 1993; Act from 8 Jan 1994 with retrospective effect)
›26 states have SHRCs as of 2019
›NHRC Chairperson: retired CJI or SC judge (post 2019 Amendment)
›SHRC Chairperson: retired Chief Justice or judge of HC (post 2019 Amendment)
›Tenure: 3 years or age 70 (post 2019 Amendment — was 5 years before)
›SHRC members appointed by Governor but removed only by **President**
›Inquiry limitation: cannot inquire after **1 year** of alleged violation
›Government must respond to recommendations within **1 month** (3 months for armed forces matters — NHRC only)
›SHRC jurisdiction: State List + Concurrent List only
›Human Rights Courts: one per district; requires HC Chief Justice concurrence
›NHRC is a multi-member body consisting of a chairperson and five members. — M. Laxmikanth — Indian Polity (6th Edition, 2019), ch55-national-human-rights-commission.md
›The chairperson and members of NHRC are eligible for re-appointment. — M. Laxmikanth — Indian Polity (6th Edition, 2019), ch55-national-human-rights-commission.md
borrowed featuresconstituent assemblyequality political and socialfunctions of constitutionpreambleindian parliamentary group
Central and State Information Commissions (CIC and SIC)
›Statutory bodies under RTI Act 2005 (Laxmikant pp.1015, 1022)
›CIC established 2005 by Gazette Notification; currently: CIC + 6 ICs (2019)
›All states have constituted SICs through Official Gazette Notifications
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Both the Central Information Commission (CIC) and State Information Commissions (SICs) are **statutory bodies** established under the **Right to Information Act, 2005** (RTI Act). They are NOT constitutional bodies. The CIC was established by the Central Government in 2005 through an Official Gazette Notification under the RTI Act.
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### Central Information Commission (CIC)
**Composition:**
- Chief Information Commissioner (CIC) + not more than 10 Information Commissioners (ICs) — currently 6 ICs as of 2019
- Appointed by the President on recommendation of a committee: PM (Chairperson), Leader of Opposition in Lok Sabha (or leader of single largest opposition party if no recognised LoP), a Union Cabinet Minister nominated by the PM
- Must be persons of eminence in public life with wide knowledge in law, science and technology, social service, management, journalism, mass media or administration and governance
- Should NOT be: MP or MLA; holder of any other office of profit; connected with any political party; carrying on any business or pursuing any profession
**Tenure and Service (post RTI Amendment Act 2019):**
- Term: as prescribed by Central Government (earlier was 5 years — fixed; changed by 2019 Amendment)
- Age limit: 65 years
- NOT eligible for reappointment (however, an IC can be appointed as CIC but total tenure cannot exceed 5 years including time as IC)
- The salary, allowances and other service conditions are prescribed by the Central Government but cannot be varied to their disadvantage during service.
**Removal (by President):**
- Adjudged insolvent; convicted of offence involving moral turpitude; engaged in paid employment outside duties; unfit due to infirmity; acquired financial/other interest prejudicial to official functions
- For proved misbehaviour or incapacity: President refers to Supreme Court; SC advice binding
**Salary (post RTI Amendment 2019):** As prescribed by Central Government (earlier: CIC's salary was equal to Chief Election Commissioner; IC's salary was equal to Election Commissioner — changed by 2019 Amendment)
---
### State Information Commission (SIC)
**Composition:**
- State Chief Information Commissioner (SCIC) + not more than 10 State Information Commissioners (SICs)
- Appointed by the Governor on recommendation of a committee: Chief Minister (Chairperson), Leader of Opposition in Legislative Assembly (or leader of single largest opposition group), a State Cabinet Minister nominated by CM
- Same eligibility criteria as CIC members
**Tenure and Service (post RTI Amendment 2019):**
- Term: as prescribed by Central Government (earlier was 5 years — changed by 2019 Amendment)
- Age limit: 65 years
- NOT eligible for reappointment (an SIC can become SCIC but total tenure limited to 5 years)
**Removal (by Governor):**
- Same grounds as CIC members
- For proved misbehaviour or incapacity: Governor refers to Supreme Court; SC advice binding
**Salary (post RTI Amendment 2019):** As prescribed by Central Government (earlier: SCIC salary was equal to Election Commissioner; SIC salary was equal to Chief Secretary of state — changed by 2019 Amendment)
---
### Common Features
**Jurisdiction:**
- CIC: complaints and appeals pertaining to offices, financial institutions, PSUs etc. under Central Government and Union Territories
- SICs: complaints and appeals pertaining to offices, financial institutions, PSUs etc. under the concerned state government
**Powers and Functions:**
- Receive and inquire into complaints from persons who: could not submit information request due to no PIO; were refused information; did not receive response within time; were charged unreasonable fees; think information given is incomplete/misleading/false; any other RTI matter
- Can order inquiry into any matter on reasonable grounds (suo motu power)
- Powers of a civil court: summoning persons, requiring discovery/inspection of documents, receiving evidence on affidavit, requisitioning public records, issuing summons
- During inquiry: can examine any public record under the public authority's control; no record can be withheld on any grounds
- Power to secure compliance of decisions from public authority: providing access to information; directing appointment of PIO; publishing information; changing record management practices; enhancing training; seeking annual compliance reports; requiring compensation to applicant; imposing penalties; rejecting application
- Can impose penalty on Public Information Officer: ₹250 per day up to maximum ₹25,000; can recommend disciplinary action
- Annual report submitted to Central/State Government; laid before Parliament/State Legislature
- The Commission may recommend steps to the authority when a public authority does not conform to the provisions of the Act.
**RTI Amendment Act 2019 — Key Changes:**
1. Term of CIC and ICs: no longer fixed at 5 years; prescribed by Central Government
2. Term of SCIC and SICs: no longer fixed at 5 years; prescribed by Central Government
3. Salary of CIC: no longer equivalent to Chief Election Commissioner; as prescribed by Central Government
4. Salary of IC: no longer equivalent to Election Commissioner; as prescribed by Central Government
5. Salary of SCIC: no longer equivalent to Election Commissioner; as prescribed by Central Government
6. Salary of SIC: no longer equivalent to Chief Secretary; as prescribed by Central Government
7. Pension deduction provisions removed for all four categories
**Ministry**: CIC falls under Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions
All key facts
›Statutory bodies under RTI Act 2005 (Laxmikant pp.1015, 1022)
›CIC established 2005 by Gazette Notification; currently: CIC + 6 ICs (2019)
›All states have constituted SICs through Official Gazette Notifications
›CIC appointed by President; SIC appointed by Governor
›NOT eligible for reappointment (but IC → CIC possible within 5-year total cap)
›Removal: President (for CIC); Governor (for SIC) — Supreme Court reference for misbehaviour/incapacity
›Penalty on PIO: ₹250/day up to ₹25,000
›RTI Amendment 2019: terms and salaries now prescribed by Central Government (earlier fixed/linked to election commission)
›CIC falls under: Ministry of Personnel
›The committee recommending appointments to the President includes the Prime Minister as Chairperson, the Leader of Opposition in the Lok Sabha, and a Union Cabinet Minister nominated by the Prime Minister. If no recognized Leader of Opposition, the leader of the single largest opposition group is considered.
›The Chief Information Commissioner and Information Commissioners are not eligible for reappointment, but an Information Commissioner can be appointed as Chief Information Commissioner, provided the total tenure does not exceed five years.
›The salary, allowances and other service conditions are prescribed by the Central Government, and cannot be varied to their disadvantage during service.
borrowed featuresconstituent assemblyequality political and socialfunctions of constitutionpreamblecooperative societies
Lokpal and Lokayuktas
›Ombudsman first created in **Sweden, 1809**; New Zealand was first Commonwealth country (1962), UK adopted it as Parliamentary Commissioner for Administration in 1967 (Laxmikant p.1051)
›**ARC (1966–70)** recommended Lokpal and Lokayukta; ARC was headed by Morarji Desai (Laxmikant p.1053)
›Ten bills introduced in Parliament between 1968 and 2011; none passed until 2013 (Laxmikant p.1053–54)
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Lokpal (at the Centre) and Lokayuktas (at states) are ombudsman-type institutions created to redress citizens' grievances against public servants and to check corruption. The concept was borrowed from the Scandinavian institution of Ombudsman — first established in Sweden in 1809 — and recommended for India by the First Administrative Reforms Commission (ARC) in 1966. The term 'Ombud' means "representative or spokesman of another person." India enacted the Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act in 2013 after ten failed legislative attempts since 1968.
The Lokpal covers the Union level. It has jurisdiction over the Prime Minister, Ministers, Members of Parliament, and Group A, B, C, D officers of the Central Government. Lokayuktas are set up at the state level; their structure and jurisdiction varies by state. Maharashtra established the first Lokayukta in 1971 (though Odisha passed its Act first in 1970, it came into force only in 1983).
All key facts
›Ombudsman first created in **Sweden, 1809**; New Zealand was first Commonwealth country (1962), UK adopted it as Parliamentary Commissioner for Administration in 1967 (Laxmikant p.1051)
›**ARC (1966–70)** recommended Lokpal and Lokayukta; ARC was headed by Morarji Desai (Laxmikant p.1053)
›Ten bills introduced in Parliament between 1968 and 2011; none passed until 2013 (Laxmikant p.1053–54)
›**Lokpal composition**: Chairperson + max 8 members; 50% must be judicial members; 50% from SCs/STs/OBCs/minorities/women (Laxmikant p.1055)
›**Selection Committee**: PM + Speaker LS + Leader of Opposition LS + CJI or sitting SC Judge + eminent jurist nominated by President (Laxmikant p.1055)
›A **Search Committee** assists the Selection Committee, with 50% of its members from SCs, STs, OBCs, minorities, and women (Laxmikant p.1055)
›**PM is within Lokpal's jurisdiction** with subject-matter exclusions (Laxmikant p.1056)
›Lokpal's jurisdiction covers all categories of public servants: Group A, B, C, and D officers and employees of the Central Government (Laxmikant p.1056)
›For Group C and D employees, the CVC proceeds under its own powers but subject to Lokpal's reporting and review (Laxmikant p.1056)
›Lokpal has **superintendence and direction over CBI** for cases referred by Lokpal (Laxmikant p.1056)
›A High-Powered Committee chaired by the Prime Minister recommends the selection of the Director of CBI (Laxmikant p.1057)
›Provisions for attachment and confiscation of property acquired by corrupt means, even while prosecution is pending (Laxmikant p.1057)
›**Special courts** are to be set up to achieve trial timelines (Laxmikant p.1057)
›Maximum punishment under Prevention of Corruption Act enhanced from **7 years to 10 years** (Laxmikant p.1057)
›Minimum punishment under sections 7, 8, 9, 12 of Prevention of Corruption Act is three years; under section 15 (attempt) is two years (Laxmikant p.1057)
›Institutions financed fully or partly by the government are under Lokpal's jurisdiction, but those merely aided are excluded (Laxmikant p.1057)
›Lokpal is conferred with power to grant sanction for prosecution of public servants (Laxmikant p.1057)
›The Act strengthens CBI by setting up a Directorate of Prosecution, appointing Director of Prosecution on CVC's recommendation, maintaining a panel of advocates, requiring Lokpal approval for transfer of officers investigating Lokpal-referred cases, and providing adequate funds for such investigations (Laxmikant p.1057-1058)
›Entities receiving **foreign donations > ₹10 lakh/year** under FCRA come under Lokpal (Laxmikant p.1058)
›States must establish Lokayukta within **365 days** of Act commencement, with freedom to decide its contours (Laxmikant p.1058)
›**Lokpal cannot act suo motu** — this is a noted drawback (Laxmikant p.1059)
›**Limitation period** for complaints: 7 years (Laxmikant p.1059)
›Heavy punishment for false and frivolous complaints may deter genuine complaints (Laxmikant p.1059)
›Anonymous complaints are not allowed (Laxmikant p.1059)
›The procedure for complaints against the PM is described as "very non-transparent" (Laxmikant p.1059)
›Odisha passed its Lokayukta Act in 1970, but it came into force only in 1983; Maharashtra established the institution in 1971 (Laxmikant p.1060)
›As of 2013, 21 states and 1 Union Territory (Delhi) had established Lokayuktas (Laxmikant p.1060)
›Some states (e.g., Rajasthan, Karnataka) have both Lokayukta and Upalokayukta, while others (e.g., Bihar, UP) have only Lokayukta (Laxmikant p.1061)
›Lokayukta and Upalokayukta are appointed by the Governor of the state, typically in consultation with the Chief Justice of the High Court and the Leader of Opposition (Laxmikant p.1061)
›Judicial qualifications are prescribed for Lokayukta in some states (e.g., UP, Himachal Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh), but not in others (e.g., Bihar, Maharashtra, Rajasthan) (Laxmikant p.1061)
›Lokayukta tenure: **5 years or 65 years of age**, whichever earlier; not eligible for reappointment (Laxmikant p.1061)
›The Chief Minister is included in the Lokayukta's jurisdiction in some states (e.g., Himachal Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh), but excluded in others (e.g., Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh) (Laxmikant p.1062)
›Ministers and higher civil servants are included in the Lokayukta's purview in almost all states; Maharashtra also includes former ministers and civil servants (Laxmikant p.1062)
›Members of state legislatures are included in the Lokayukta's purview in some states (e.g., Andhra Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Gujarat) (Laxmikant p.1062)
›Authorities of local bodies, corporations, companies, and societies are included in the Lokayukta's jurisdiction in most states (Laxmikant p.1062)
›Lokayukta can initiate investigations suo motu in most states, but not in Uttar Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, and Assam (Laxmikant p.1062)
›Lokayuktas can consider both 'grievances' and 'allegations' in some states (e.g., Maharashtra, UP), but only 'allegations' (corruption) in others (e.g., Himachal Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh) (Laxmikant p.1062)
›The Lokayukta presents an annual consolidated report to the Governor, who places it before the state legislature, making the Lokayukta responsible to the state legislature (Laxmikant p.1063)
›Lokayukta takes help from state investigating agencies and can call for relevant files/documents from state government departments (Laxmikant p.1063)
›Lokayukta recommendations are **advisory, not binding** on state government (Laxmikant p.1063)
›The ARC headed by Morarji Desai recommended that the Lokpal deal with complaints against ministers and secretaries at Central and state levels, and the Lokayukta deal with complaints against other specified higher officials (Laxmikant p.1053)
›The ARC kept the judiciary outside the purview of Lokpal and Lokayu
chief ministergovernorspecial provisions for statesstate council of ministersstate legislaturecentral bureau of investigation
Central Vigilance Commission (CVC)
›Established 1964 by executive resolution; statutory since 2003 (CVC Act 2003) — Laxmikanth p.1029
›Recommended by: Santhanam Committee (1962–64)
›Composition: Central Vigilance Commissioner + max 2 Vigilance Commissioners
+ 31 facts · tap to read
▾ Full passage
The Central Vigilance Commission (CVC) is the main agency for preventing corruption in the Central government. It is the apex vigilance institution, free from control of any executive authority, monitoring all vigilance activity under the Central Government.
**Establishment:**
- Created in 1964 by an executive resolution of the Central Government, on the recommendation of the **Santhanam Committee on Prevention of Corruption (1962–64)**.
- Originally, neither a constitutional nor a statutory body.
- In 2003, Parliament enacted a law conferring **statutory status** on the CVC (Central Vigilance Commission Act, 2003 — received Presidential assent 11 September 2003).
- In 2004, the CVC was designated as the agency to receive complaints under the **"Public Interest Disclosure and Protection of Informers' Resolution" (PIDPI)** — the "Whistle Blowers" Resolution.
**Composition:**
- Central Vigilance Commissioner (Chairperson) + not more than 2 Vigilance Commissioners
- Appointed by the President by warrant under his hand and seal, on recommendation of a 3-member committee: PM (head), Union Home Minister, Leader of Opposition in Lok Sabha
- Tenure: **4 years** or until age **65**, whichever is earlier
- After tenure: not eligible for further employment under Central or state government
- Salary: Central Vigilance Commissioner's salary similar to Chairman of UPSC; Vigilance Commissioner's salary similar to member of UPSC
- Salary, allowances and other conditions of service cannot be varied to his disadvantage after appointment.
**Removal (by President):**
- Specific grounds (insolvency, paid employment, infirmity etc.): no Supreme Court reference needed
- Proved misbehaviour or incapacity: President refers to Supreme Court; SC advice binding
- Deemed misbehaviour: interested in any Central government contract OR participates in profit of such contract
**Organisation:**
- Secretariat: Secretary, Joint Secretaries, Deputy Secretaries, Under Secretaries, and office staff.
- Chief Technical Examiners' Wing (CTE): Chief Engineers (Chief Technical Examiners); conducts technical audit of construction works, investigates complaint cases involving construction, assists CBI in technical matters, advises CVC/CVOs on technical vigilance matters.
- Commissioners for Departmental Inquiries (CDIs): act as Inquiry Officers in departmental proceedings against public servants.
**Functions:**
1. Inquire into/cause inquiry/investigation on Central government reference — alleged PC Act 1988 offences by Central government employees or public servants
2. Inquire into complaints against: All-India Services members serving the Union; Group A Central government officers; specified level officers of Central government authorities
3. **Superintendence over CBI** (Delhi Special Police Establishment) in investigations under the Prevention of Corruption Act 1988
4. Give directions to CBI for such investigations
5. Review progress of CBI investigations under PC Act 1988
6. Review pending applications for sanction of prosecution under PC Act
7. Tender advice to Central government on referred matters
8. Superintendence over vigilance administration in Central ministries
9. Inquire into complaints under PIDPI (Whistle Blowers Resolution); recommend action
10. Consulted by Central government in framing rules on vigilance and disciplinary matters for Central and All-India Services
11. CVC Chairperson heads the committee recommending appointment of Director of Enforcement and officers above the level of Deputy Director of Enforcement (in consultation with the Director)
12. Notified as specific authority to receive suspicious transaction information under PMLA 2002
**Additions by Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act 2013:**
- Director of Prosecution in CBI appointed on CVC's recommendation
- CVC heads committee recommending appointments of SP-level and above officers in CBI (except CBI Director)
- CVC to conduct preliminary inquiry into Lokpal-referred complaints for Groups A, B, C and D officers; sends Group A and B reports to Lokpal; takes further action on Group C and D cases
**Jurisdiction covers:**
- Members of All-India Services (Union affairs) and Group A Central Government officers
- Officers of Scale V and above in Public Sector Banks
- Officers in Grade D and above in RBI, NABARD, SIDBI
- Chief Executives and Board Executives of E-8 and above in Schedule A & B PSUs
- E-7 and above in Schedule C & D PSUs
- Managers and above in General Insurance Companies
- Senior Divisional Managers and above in LIC
- Officers drawing ₹8700/month (pre-revised) and above in Central Government-owned/controlled societies and local authorities
**Working:** Headquarters in New Delhi; powers of civil court; proceedings judicial in character. On receipt of inquiry report, advises Central government on further course of action. Government must consider the advice; if it disagrees, it must record reasons in writing and communicate to CVC. Annual performance report to the President; President places it before Parliament.
**Chief Vigilance Officers (CVOs):** All Central ministries/departments have a CVO who heads the vigilance division; links the organisation with CVC and CBI; collects intelligence on corrupt practices; investigates verifiable allegations; processes investigation reports for disciplinary authority.
**Whistle Blowers Protection Act 2014:**
- Mechanism for protecting identity of whistle blowers (people exposing corruption)
- System to encourage disclosure about corruption or wilful misuse of power by public servants including ministers
- Competent authority to receive complaints: CVC (government may notify other bodies too)
- Punishment for false/frivolous complaints: up to 2 years imprisonment + fine up to ₹30,000
- Complaints must be in good faith; complainant must declare they believe the information to be substantially true
- Not applicable to the Special Protection Group (SPG)
- No action on disclosure if it doesn't indicate identity of complainant or public servant, or if identity is found to be incorrect.
All key facts
›Established 1964 by executive resolution; statutory since 2003 (CVC Act 2003) — Laxmikanth p.1029
›Recommended by: Santhanam Committee (1962–64)
›Composition: Central Vigilance Commissioner + max 2 Vigilance Commissioners
›Appointment committee: PM + Home Minister + Leader of Opposition in Lok Sabha
›Tenure: 4 years or age 65
›NOT eligible for further government employment after tenure
›Salary: equivalent to UPSC Chairman/member
›Salary, allowances, and other conditions of service cannot be varied to the disadvantage of the commissioners after appointment. — M. Laxmikanth — Indian Polity (6th Edition, 2019), ch59-central-vigilance-commission.md
›Superintendence over CBI for PC Act investigations
›Whistle Blowers Resolution: 2004 (PIDPI)
›Whistle Blowers Protection Act: 2014
›Annual report to President; placed before Parliament
›The CVC is empowered as the only designated agency to take action against complainants making motivated or vexatious complaints. — M. Laxmikanth — Indian Polity (6th Edition, 2019), ch59-central-vigilance-commission.md
borrowed featuresconstituent assemblyequality political and socialfunctions of constitutionpreamblecabinet committees
›The NIA was constituted under the provisions of the **National Investigation Agency Act, 2008 (NIA Act)**. (M. Laxmikanth, ch62-national-investigation-agency.md)
›It is the **central counter-terrorism law enforcement agency** in the country. (M. Laxmikanth, ch62-national-investigation-agency.md)
›The establishment was due to the realization of the need for a separate federal agency to deal with terror-related crimes in India after the Mumbai attacks. (M. Laxmikanth, ch62-national-investigation-agency.md)
›Officers of the NIA have similar powers, duties, privileges, and liabilities as police officers in connection with the investigation of offences, both in India and outside India. (M. Laxmikanth, ch62-national-investigation-agency.md)
›The Central Government can direct the NIA to register and investigate scheduled offences committed outside India as if they occurred in India. (M. Laxmikanth, ch62-national-investigation-agency.md)
›The Central and State Governments may designate **Sessions Courts as Special Courts** for conducting the trial of offences under the NIA Act. (M. Laxmikanth, ch62-national-investigation-agency.md)
›The NIA is mandated to investigate and prosecute offences under the various Acts mentioned in the Schedule of the NIA Act. (M. Laxmikanth, ch62-national-investigation-agency.md)
›The NIA aims to be a **professional investigative agency** matching international standards. (M. Laxmikanth, ch62-national-investigation-agency.md)
›The NIA collects, collates, and analyses counter-terrorism investigation data and shares inputs with sister intelligence and law enforcement agencies. (M. Laxmikanth, ch62-national-investigation-agency.md)
›Its mission includes ensuring **effective and speedy trial**, upholding the Constitution, protecting human rights, and using modern methods and technology. (M. Laxmikanth, ch62-national-investigation-agency.md)
›The NIA maintains professional and cordial relations with state and union territory governments and other law enforcement agencies. (M. Laxmikanth, ch62-national-investigation-agency.md)
›It builds a database on terrorist-related information and shares it. (M. Laxmikanth, ch62-national-investigation-agency.md)
›The NIA studies terrorism laws in other countries and evaluates India's existing laws, proposing changes when necessary. (M. Laxmikanth, ch62-national-investigation-agency.md)
›India has been victim of large-scale terrorism sponsored from across borders, with innumerable incidents not only in militancy-affected areas but also in hinterland and major cities. (M. Laxmikanth, ch62-national-investigation-agency.md)
›Many terrorist incidents have complex inter-state and international linkages with possible connections to arms smuggling, drugs trafficking, fake Indian currency circulation, and border infiltration. (M. Laxmikanth, ch62-national-investigation-agency.md)
›The NIA aims to set standards of excellence in counter-terrorism and national security-related investigations by developing into a highly trained, partnership-oriented workforce. (M. Laxmikanth, ch62-national-investigation-agency.md)
›The NIA aims to create deterrence for existing and potential terrorist groups and individuals. (M. Laxmikanth, ch62-national-investigation-agency.md)
›The NIA aims to develop as a storehouse of all terrorist-related information. (M. Laxmikanth, ch62-national-investigation-agency.md)
›The NIA conducts in-depth professional investigation of scheduled offences using latest scientific methods of investigation. (M. Laxmikanth, ch62-national-investigation-agency.md)
›The NIA develops a professional workforce through regular training and exposure to best practices and procedures. (M. Laxmikanth, ch62-national-investigation-agency.md)
›The NIA displays scientific temper and progressive spirit while discharging assigned duties. (M. Laxmikanth, ch62-national-investigation-agency.md)
›The NIA assists all states and other investigating agencies in investigation of terrorist cases. (M. Laxmikanth, ch62-national-investigation-agency.md)
›The NIA aims to win the confidence of citizens of India through selfless and fearless endeavours. (M. Laxmikanth, ch62-national-investigation-agency.md)
›NIA functions include providing assistance to, and seeking assistance from, other intelligence and investigation agencies of central and state governments. (M. Laxmikanth, ch62-national-investigation-agency.md)
›CBI Academy: Ghaziabad, UP (since 1996)
›CBI Academy training types: Short Term In-service Courses and Long Term Basic Courses.
›CBI plays an important role in prevention of corruption and maintaining integrity in administration (Laxmikant ch60)
›CBI provides assistance to the Central Vigilance Commission and Lokpal (Laxmikant ch60)
›Special Police Establishment (SPE) set up in 1941, merged with CBI (Laxmikant ch60)
›Originally established with 6 divisions in 1963 (Laxmikant ch60)
›Director of CBI also holds title of Inspector-General of Police, Delhi Special Police Establishment (Laxmikant ch60)
›CBI is a multidisciplinary investigation agency of the Government of India (Laxmikant ch60)
›CBI Academy vision: "Excellence in Training in the Fields of Crime Investigation, Prosecution and Vigilance Functioning" (Laxmikant ch60)
›CBI Academy mission: train human resources of CBI, state police and vigilance organisations to become professional, industrious, impartial, upright and dedicated to the service of the nation (Laxmikant ch60)
›Three regional training centres at Kolkata, Mumbai and Chennai (Laxmikant ch60)
›Short Term In-service Courses: for officers of CBI, state police, central para-military forces and central government undertakings (Laxmikant ch60)
›Long Term Basic Courses: for directly recruited deputy superintendents of police, sub-inspectors and constables of CBI (Laxmikant ch60)
›SPE takes cases relating to Central Government's affairs or employees, even if they involve some state government employees (Laxmikant ch60)
›State police takes cases substantially concerned with state government affairs or employees, even if they involve some Central Government employees (Laxmikant ch60)
›SPE takes up cases against employees of public undertakings or statutory bodies established and financed by Central Government (Laxmikant ch60)
›The President can remove the NHRC chairperson or any member if they are adjudged insolvent, engaged in paid employment outside duties, unfit due to infirmity of mind or body, of unsound mind as declared by a competent court, or convicted and sentenced for an offence. — M. Laxmikanth — Indian Polity (6th Edition, 2019), ch55-national-human-rights-commission.md
›The salaries, allowances and other conditions of service of the NHRC chairperson and members are determined by the Central government and cannot be varied to their disadvantage after appointment. — M. Laxmikanth — Indian Polity (6th Edition, 2019), ch55-national-human-rights-commission.md
›The NHRC's headquarters is at Delhi and it can establish offices at other places in India. — M. Laxmikanth — Indian Polity (6th Edition, 2019), ch55-national-human-rights-commission.md
›NHRC is vested with the power to regulate its own procedure. — M. Laxmikanth — Indian Polity (6th Edition, 2019), ch55-national-human-rights-commission.md
›The SHRC is a multi-member body comprising a chairperson and two members. — M. Laxmikanth — Indian Polity (6th Edition, 2019), ch56-state-human-rights-commission.md
›The chairperson and members of SHRC are appointed by the Governor on the recommendations of a committee. — M. Laxmikanth — Indian Polity (6th Edition, 2019), ch56-state-human-rights-commission.md
›The committee for SHRC appointments includes the Chief Minister (head), Speaker of the Legislative Assembly, State Home Minister, and Leader of Opposition in the Legislative Assembly. — M. Laxmikanth — Indian Polity (6th Edition, 2019), ch56-state-human-rights-commission.md
›In states with a Legislative Council, the Chairman of the Council and the Leader of Opposition in the Council are also members of the SHRC appointment committee. — M. Laxmikanth — Indian Polity (6th Edition, 2019), ch56-state-human-rights-commission.md
›A sitting judge of a High Court or a sitting District Judge can only be appointed to the SHRC after consultation with the Chief Justice of the High Court of the concerned state. — M. Laxmikanth — Indian Polity (6th Edition, 2019), ch56-state-human-rights-commission.md
›The President can remove the SHRC chairperson or any member on grounds such as insolvency, engaging in paid outside employment, infirmity of mind or body, being of unsound mind, or conviction for an offense. — M. Laxmikanth — Indian Polity (6th Edition, 2019), ch56-state-human-rights-commission.md
›For proved misbehaviour or incapacity, the President must refer the SHRC removal matter to the Supreme Court for inquiry; the President can remove them if the Supreme Court upholds the cause for removal. — M. Laxmikanth — Indian Polity (6th Edition, 2019), ch56-state-human-rights-commission.md
›The salaries, allowances, and other conditions of service of the SHRC chairperson and members are determined by the state government, but cannot be varied to their disadvantage after appointment. — M. Laxmikanth — Indian Polity (6th Edition, 2019), ch56-state-human-rights-commission.md
›The SHRC has powers of a civil court and its proceedings have a judicial character. — M. Laxmikanth — Indian Polity (6th Edition, 2019), ch56-state-human-rights-commission.md
›SHRC recommendations are not binding on the state government or authority. — M. Laxmikanth — Indian Polity (6th Edition, 2019), ch56-state-human-rights-commission.md
›State governments must inform the SHRC about action taken on its recommendations within one month. — M. Laxmikanth — Indian Polity (6th Edition, 2019), ch56-state-human-rights-commission.md
›SHRC submits annual or special reports to the state government, which are laid before the state legislature. — M. Laxmikanth — Indian Polity (6th Edition, 2019), ch56-state-human-rights-commission.md
›The 2006 Amendment reduced the number of SHRC members from five to three. — M. Laxmikanth — Indian Polity (6th Edition, 2019), ch56-state-human-rights-commission.md
›The headquarters of the State Human Rights Commission shall be at such place as the state government may, by notification, specify. — M. Laxmikanth — Indian Polity (6th Edition, 2019), ch56-state-human-rights-commission.md
›NHRC has its own nucleus of investigating staff for investigation into complaints of human rights violations and is empowered to utilize services of any officer or investigation agency of the Central or state government. — M. Laxmikanth — Indian Polity (6th Edition, 2019), ch55-national-human-rights-commission.md
›NHRC has established effective cooperation with NGOs with first-hand information about human rights violations. — M. Laxmikanth — Indian Polity (6th Edition, 2019), ch55-national-human-rights-commission.md
›NHRC can take steps during or after inquiry including recommending compensation or damages to the victim, r
›The President can remove the CIC or an IC for proved misbehaviour or incapacity after referring the matter to the Supreme Court for an inquiry, and if the Supreme Court advises removal.
›The Commission can also recommend disciplinary action against the errant official (Public Information Officer).
›The Commission submits an annual report to the Central Government on the implementation of the RTI Act, which is then laid before each House of Parliament.
›The Chief Information Commissioner and an Information Commissioner hold office for such term as prescribed by the Central Government or until they attain the age of 65 years, whichever is earlier. — M. Laxmikanth — Indian Polity (6th Edition, 2019), ch57-central-information-commission.md
›The President can remove the Chief Information Commissioner or any Information Commissioner if he is adjudged an insolvent. — M. Laxmikanth — Indian Polity (6th Edition, 2019), ch57-central-information-commission.md
›The President can remove the Chief Information Commissioner or any Information Commissioner if he has been convicted of an offence which (in the opinion of the President) involves moral turpitude. — M. Laxmikanth — Indian Polity (6th Edition, 2019), ch57-central-information-commission.md
›The President can remove the Chief Information Commissioner or any Information Commissioner if he engages during his term of office in any paid employment outside the duties of his office. — M. Laxmikanth — Indian Polity (6th Edition, 2019), ch57-central-information-commission.md
›The President can remove the Chief Information Commissioner or any Information Commissioner if he is (in the opinion of the President) unfit to continue in office due to infirmity of mind or body. — M. Laxmikanth — Indian Polity (6th Edition, 2019), ch57-central-information-commission.md
›The President can remove the Chief Information Commissioner or any Information Commissioner if he has acquired such financial or other interest as is likely to affect prejudicially his official functions. — M. Laxmikanth — Indian Polity (6th Edition, 2019), ch57-central-information-commission.md
›The Commission has the powers of a civil court, including summoning and enforcing attendance of persons, compelling them to give oral or written evidence on oath, and to produce documents or things. — M. Laxmikanth — Indian Polity (6th Edition, 2019), ch57-central-information-commission.md
›The Commission has the civil court power of requiring the discovery and inspection of documents. — M. Laxmikanth — Indian Polity (6th Edition, 2019), ch57-central-information-commission.md
›The Commission has the civil court power of receiving evidence on affidavit. — M. Laxmikanth — Indian Polity (6th Edition, 2019), ch57-central-information-commission.md
›The Commission has the civil court power of requisitioning any public record from any court or office. — M. Laxmikanth — Indian Polity (6th Edition, 2019), ch57-central-information-commission.md
›The Commission has the civil court power of issuing summons for examination of witnesses or documents. — M. Laxmikanth — Indian Polity (6th Edition, 2019), ch57-central-information-commission.md
›The Commission has the power to secure compliance of its decisions, which includes directing the public authority to appoint a Public Information Officer where none exists. — M. Laxmikanth — Indian Polity (6th Edition, 2019), ch57-central-information-commission.md
›The Commission has the power to secure compliance of its decisions, which includes publishing information or categories of information. — M. Laxmikanth — Indian Polity (6th Edition, 2019), ch57-central-information-commission.md
›The Commission has the power to secure compliance of its decisions, which includes making necessary changes to the practices relating to management, maintenance and destruction of records. — M. Laxmikanth — Indian Polity (6th Edition, 2019), ch57-central-information-commission.md
›The Commission has the power to secure compliance of its decisions, which includes enhancing training provision for officials on the right to information. — M. Laxmikanth — Indian Polity (6th Edition, 2019), ch57-central-information-commission.md
›The Commission has the power to secure compliance of its decisions, which includes seeking an annual report from the public authority on compliance with the Act. — M. Laxmikanth — Indian Polity (6th Edition, 2019), ch57-central-information-commission.md
›The Commission has the power to secure compliance of its decisions, which includes requiring the public authority to compensate for any loss or other detriment
›
President can remove CVC or VC if adjudged insolvent, convicted of an offence involving moral turpitude, engaged in paid employment outside duties, unfit due to infirmity, or acquired financial interest prejudicing official functions. — M. Laxmikanth — Indian Polity (6th Edition, 2019), ch59-central-vigilance-commission.md
›For removal on grounds of proved misbehaviour or incapacity, the President must refer the matter to the Supreme Court for inquiry; SC's advice is binding. — M. Laxmikanth — Indian Polity (6th Edition, 2019), ch59-central-vigilance-commission.md
›The CTE Wing conducts technical audit of construction works of government organisations from a vigilance angle. — M. Laxmikanth — Indian Polity (6th Edition, 2019), ch59-central-vigilance-commission.md
›The CVC has powers of a civil court, and its proceedings have a judicial character. — M. Laxmikanth — Indian Polity (6th Edition, 2019), ch59-central-vigilance-commission.md
›If the Central government or its authorities disagree with CVC's advice, they must communicate the reasons in writing to the CVC. — M. Laxmikanth — Indian Polity (6th Edition, 2019), ch59-central-vigilance-commission.md
›Whistle blowers disclosures can be made in writing or by email with full particulars and supporting documents. — M. Laxmikanth — Indian Polity (6th Edition, 2019), ch59-central-vigilance-commission.md
›The Central Vigilance Commissioner (CVC), along with Secretaries of M/o Home Affairs, D/o Personnel and Training, and D/o Revenue in M/o Finance, are members of the selection committee that recommends the appointment of the Director of Enforcement. — M. Laxmikanth — Indian Polity (6th Edition, 2019), ch59-central-vigilance-commission.md
›The Committee (CVC + VCs + Secretaries of M/o Home Affairs and D/o Personnel and Training) also recommends officers for appointments to the posts above the level of Deputy Director of Enforcement, in consultation with the Director of Enforcement. — M. Laxmikanth — Indian Polity (6th Edition, 2019), ch59-central-vigilance-commission.md
›The CVC also heads the committee (CVC + 2 VCs + M/o Home Affairs Secretary + D/o Personnel and Training Secretary) that recommends officers for posts of SP and above in the CBI, excluding the Director of CBI. — M. Laxmikanth — Indian Polity (6th Edition, 2019), ch59-central-vigilance-commission.md
›The CVC is empowered to regulate its own procedure. — M. Laxmikanth — Indian Polity (6th Edition, 2019), ch59-central-vigilance-commission.md
›The CVC may call for information or reports from the Central government or its authorities to supervise vigilance and anti-corruption work. — M. Laxmikanth — Indian Polity (6th Edition, 2019), ch59-central-vigilance-commission.md
›The CVO collects intelligence about corrupt practices, investigates verifiable allegations, processes investigation reports, and refers matters to the CVC for advice when necessary. — M. Laxmikanth — Indian Polity (6th Edition, 2019), ch59-central-vigilance-commission.md
›The CVC Act (2003) was amended by the Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act (2013). — M. Laxmikanth — Indian Polity (6th Edition, 2019), ch59-central-vigilance-commission.md
›The Delhi Special Police Establishment Act (1946) was also amended by the Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act (2013). — M. Laxmikanth — Indian Polity (6th Edition, 2019), ch59-central-vigilance-commission.md
›A Central Vigilance Commissioner or any vigilance commissioner is deemed to be guilty of misbehaviour if they are concerned or interested in any contract or agreement made by the Central government, or participate in any way in the profit of such contract or agreement. — M. Laxmikanth — Indian Polity (6th Edition, 2019), ch59-central-vigilance-commission.md
›The jurisdiction of the CVC extends to officers of the rank of Scale V and above in Public Sector Banks. — M. Laxmikanth — Indian Polity (6th Edition, 2019), ch59-central-vigilance-commission.md
›The jurisdiction also includes Officers in Grade D and above in Reserve Bank of India, NABARD and SIDBI. — M. Laxmikanth — Indian Polity (6th Edition, 2019), ch59-central-vigilance-commission.md
›Chief Executives and Executives on the Board and other officers of E-8 and above in Schedule 'A' and 'B' Public Sector Undertakings are under CVC jurisdiction. — M. Laxmikanth — Indian Polity (6th Edition, 2019), ch59-central-vigilance-commission.md
›Chief Executives and Executives on the Board and other officers of E-7 and above in Schedule 'C' and 'D' Public Sector Undertakings are under CVC jurisdiction. — M. Laxmikanth — Indian Polity (6th Edition, 2019), ch59-central-vigilance-commission.md
›Managers and above in General Insurance Companies fall under the CVC's jurisdiction. — M. Laxmikanth — Indian Polity (6th Edition, 2019), ch59-central-vigilance-commission.md
›Senior Divisional Managers and above in Life Insurance Corporation are covered by the CVC's jurisdiction. — M. Lax