Polity

National Commissions

·4 concepts ↓

📝 Drill the PYQs

Loading questions...

📚 The concepts · 4

tap any tile for full passage

National Commission for Scheduled Tribes (NCST)

›Constitutional basis: Article 338-A in Part XVI (Laxmikant p.936)
›Inserted by: 89th Constitutional Amendment Act of 2003 (in force 19 February 2004)
›Composition: Chairperson + VP + 3 members; 3-year term (by Rules)

+ 4 facts · tap to read

The National Commission for Scheduled Tribes (NCST) is a **constitutional body** established directly by **Article 338-A** of the Constitution, inserted by the **89th Constitutional Amendment Act of 2003** (in force 19 February 2004). It was created by bifurcating the combined National Commission for SCs and STs. **Rationale for separation:** STs are geographically and culturally different from SCs; their problems differ. In 1999, a separate Ministry of Tribal Affairs was created for ST welfare. It was felt that the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment (which handled SCs) could not adequately focus on STs. A dedicated national commission was needed. **Composition:** Chairperson + Vice-Chairperson + 3 other members = 5 members. Appointed by the President by warrant under his hand and seal. Conditions of service and tenure determined by the President (under Rules: three-year term). **Functions (same as NCSC but for STs):** - Investigate and monitor constitutional and other legal safeguards for STs; evaluate their working - Inquire into specific complaints regarding deprivation of rights and safeguards of STs - Participate and advise on planning process for socio-economic development of STs; evaluate progress - Present annual reports to the President (and special reports) - Recommend measures to Union or states for effective implementation of safeguards - Discharge other functions specified by the President **Additional functions specified by President in 2005 (ST-specific):** - Conferring ownership rights in minor forest produce on STs in forest areas - Safeguarding tribal rights over mineral resources, water resources - Development measures for tribals and viable livelihood strategies - Improving relief and rehabilitation for tribal groups displaced by development projects - Preventing alienation of tribal people from land; rehabilitating those already displaced - Cooperation of tribal communities in forest protection and social afforestation - Full implementation of PESA (Panchayats Extension to Scheduled Areas) Act 1996 - Reducing practice of shifting cultivation **Powers:** Same civil court powers as NCSC — summoning, documents, affidavits, public records, summons. **Reporting:** Annual report to the President; President places before Parliament with memorandum. Reports for states forwarded to Governor; Governor places before state legislature. **Consultation:** Central and state governments must consult the Commission on all major policy matters affecting STs.

National Commission for Scheduled Castes (NCSC)

›Constitutional basis: Article 338 in Part XVI (Laxmikanth, ch47)
›Constitutional status: YES (unlike NCPCR, NCW, NCM, NHRC which are statutory)
›The separate National Commission for SCs came into existence in 2004. — M. Laxmikanth — Indian Polity (6th Edition, 2019), ch47-national-commission-for-scs.md

+ 27 facts · tap to read

The National Commission for Scheduled Castes (NCSC) is a **constitutional body** established directly by **Article 338** of the Constitution (Part XVI — Special Provisions Relating to Certain Classes). This distinguishes it from other national commissions (National Commission for Women 1992, National Commission for Minorities 1993, NHRC 1993, National Commission for Protection of Child Rights 2007) which are statutory bodies created by Parliament. **Evolution:** - Originally, Article 338 provided for a Special Officer for SCs and STs to investigate constitutional safeguards and report to the President — designated as Commissioner for SCs and STs. - 1978: Government (by Resolution) set up a non-statutory multi-member Commission for SCs and STs. - 1987: Renamed National Commission for SCs and STs (advisory body to government on broad policy). - **65th Constitutional Amendment Act of 1990** (in force 12 March 1992): Replaced the single Special Officer with a high-level multi-member constitutional National Commission for SCs and STs. - **89th Constitutional Amendment Act of 2003** (in force 19 February 2004): Bifurcated the combined commission into two separate bodies — **National Commission for SCs** (Article 338) and **National Commission for STs** (Article 338-A). - The separate National Commission for SCs came into existence in 2004. **Rationale for Separation:** Geographically and culturally, the STs are different from the SCs and their problems are also different from those of SCs. In 1999, a new Ministry of Tribal Affairs was created to provide a sharp focus to the welfare and development of the STs. It was felt necessary that the Ministry of Tribal Affairs should coordinate all activities relating to the STs as it would not be administratively feasible for the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment to perform this role. To safeguard the interests of the STs more effectively, a separate National Commission for STs was established by bifurcating the combined National Commission for SCs and STs. **Composition:** Chairperson + Vice-Chairperson + 3 other members = 5 members. Appointed by the President by warrant under his hand and seal. Conditions of service and tenure determined by the President (under Rules: three-year term). **Functions:** - Investigate and monitor all matters relating to constitutional and other legal safeguards for SCs and evaluate their working - Inquire into specific complaints regarding deprivation of rights and safeguards of SCs - Participate and advise on planning process for socio-economic development of SCs; evaluate progress - Present annual reports to the President (and special reports when needed) - Recommend measures to Union or states for effective implementation of safeguards and for protection, welfare, and socio-economic development of SCs - Discharge other functions as specified by the President - Also discharges similar functions for the **Anglo-Indian Community** (Article 338, Clause 10) **Till 2018:** Commission also discharged functions for Other Backward Classes (OBCs). Relieved of this by **102nd Amendment Act of 2018** (which established a separate constitutional National Commission for BCs under Article 338-B). **Powers:** Has powers of a civil court — summoning persons, requiring production of documents, receiving evidence on affidavits, requisitioning public records, issuing summons. The Commission is also vested with the power to regulate its own procedure. **Reporting:** Annual report to President. President places reports before Parliament with memorandum explaining action taken and reasons for non-acceptance of any recommendations. Reports pertaining to states are forwarded by the President to the Governor, who places them before the state legislature. **Consultation:** Central and state governments must consult the Commission on all major policy matters affecting SCs.

Special Officer for Linguistic Minorities (Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities)

›Article 350-B in Part XVII, fourth chapter "Special Directives" (Laxmikant p.946)
›Added by 7th Constitutional Amendment Act 1956; on recommendation of States Reorganisation Commission
›Appointed by the President; no constitutional specifications on qualifications, tenure, or removal

+ 19 facts · tap to read

The post of Special Officer for Linguistic Minorities is a **constitutional provision** under **Article 350-B** in Part XVII (Official Language) of the Constitution — specifically the fourth chapter on "Special Directives." This article was inserted by the **Seventh Constitutional Amendment Act of 1956**, following a recommendation by the States Reorganisation Commission (1953–55) which was set up to reorganise states on linguistic lines. The original Constitution had no provision for this post — it was added as a safeguard following linguistic reorganisation of states to protect minority language communities within each state. **Article 350-B provides:** 1. There shall be a Special Officer for Linguistic Minorities, appointed by the President. 2. Duty: to investigate all matters relating to constitutional safeguards for linguistic minorities and report to the President at intervals directed by the President. 3. The President shall place all such reports before each House of Parliament and send them to the governments of concerned states. **Note:** The Constitution does NOT specify the qualifications, tenure, salaries, allowances, service conditions, or removal procedure for the Special Officer. **Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities:** In pursuance of Article 350-B, the office was created in 1957. The Special Officer is designated as the **Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities**. - Headquarters: **Allahabad** (Uttar Pradesh) - Three regional offices: **Belgaum** (Karnataka), **Chennai** (Tamil Nadu), **Kolkata** (West Bengal) — each headed by an Assistant Commissioner - Falls under the **Ministry of Minority Affairs** at the Central level - Annual reports submitted to the President through the Union Minority Affairs Minister **Role:** Takes up grievances arising from non-implementation of constitutional safeguards for linguistic minorities at the highest political and administrative levels of state governments and UT administrations; recommends remedial actions. The Commissioner takes up matters pertaining to non-implementation of Constitutional and Nationally Agreed Scheme of Safeguards for linguistic minorities. He recommends remedial actions at the highest political and administrative levels of state governments and UT administrations. The Ministry of Minority Affairs has requested state governments and UT administrations to publicize constitutional safeguards and prioritize implementation of the scheme of safeguards. The Commissioner launched a 10-point program to promote preservation of language and culture of linguistic minorities. **Vision and Mission:** - Vision: Streamlining and strengthening implementation machinery and mechanism for effective implementation of the Constitutional safeguards for the Linguistic Minorities, ensuring protection of rights of speakers of minority languages for equal opportunities for inclusive and integrated development. - Mission: To ensure that all states/UTs effectively implement the Constitutional safeguards and nationally agreed scheme of safeguards for linguistic minorities for providing equal opportunities for inclusive development. **Functions and Objectives:** - Functions: 1. Investigate all matters related to safeguards for linguistic minorities. 2. Submit reports to the President on the status of implementation of Constitutional and nationally agreed safeguards. 3. Monitor implementation of safeguards through various mechanisms like questionnaires, visits, conferences, seminars, meetings, and review mechanisms. - Objectives: 1. Provide equal opportunities to linguistic minorities for inclusive development and national integration. 2. Spread awareness among linguistic minorities about the safeguards available to them. 3. Ensure effective implementation of safeguards for linguistic minorities in the Constitution and other agreed safeguards. 4. Handle representations for redress of grievances related to safeguards for linguistic minorities. **A linguistic minority** is a group whose mother tongue differs from that of the majority in a state or part of a state — determined on a state-wise basis.

National Commission for Backward Classes (NCBC)

›Constitutional basis: Article 338-B inserted by 102nd Amendment Act 2018 (Laxmikant p.942)
›History: Originally statutory (National Commission for Backward Classes Act, 1993) following Mandal case (Indra Sawhney v. Union of India, 1992)
›102nd Amendment also inserted Article 342-A (President to specify backward classes)

+ 21 facts · tap to read

The National Commission for Backward Classes (NCBC) has a two-phase history — first as a statutory body, then elevated to constitutional status. **Phase 1 — Statutory Body (1993–2018):** In the landmark Mandal case (Indra Sawhney v. Union of India, 1992), the Supreme Court directed the Central government to constitute a permanent statutory body to examine complaints of under-inclusion, over-inclusion or non-inclusion of any class in the list of backward classes. Accordingly, NCBC was set up in 1993 under the National Commission for Backward Classes Act, 1993. **Phase 2 — Constitutional Body (2018 onwards):** The **102nd Constitutional Amendment Act of 2018** conferred constitutional status on the Commission by inserting a new **Article 338-B** in the Constitution. The National Commission for Backward Classes (Repeal) Act, 2018 simultaneously repealed the 1993 Act. The Commission's constitutional status is now at par with the NCSC (Article 338) and NCST (Article 338-A). The 102nd Amendment also inserted Article **342-A** enabling the President to specify the socially and educationally backward classes. The 102nd Amendment Act of 2018 enlarged the scope of functions of the NCBC to safeguard the interests of SEBCs more effectively. **Composition:** Chairperson + Vice-Chairperson + 3 other members = 5 members. Appointed by the President by warrant under his hand and seal. Conditions of service and tenure determined by the President (under Rules: three-year term). **Functions:** - Investigate and monitor all matters relating to constitutional and other legal safeguards for socially and educationally backward classes; evaluate their working - Inquire into specific complaints regarding deprivation of rights and safeguards - Participate and advise on socio-economic development of backward classes; evaluate progress - Present annual reports to the President - Recommend measures to Union or states for effective implementation of safeguards and for protection, welfare and socio-economic development - Discharge other functions as specified by the President **Powers:** Same civil court powers — summoning, documents, affidavits, public records, summons. **Reporting:** Annual reports to President; President places before Parliament with memorandum. Reports for states forwarded to concerned state government; state places before legislature. **Consultation:** Central and state governments must consult the Commission on all major policy matters affecting socially and educationally backward classes. **Presidential Powers on Classification:** The 102nd Amendment Act of 2018 empowered the President to specify the socially and educationally backward classes in relation to a state or union territory. In case of a state, the President issues the notification after consultation with the governor of the state concerned. However, any inclusion in or exclusion from the Central List of socially and educationally backward classes can be done only by the Parliament and not by a subsequent Presidential notification.

All key facts

›Constitutional basis: Article 338 in Part XVI (Laxmikanth, ch47)
›Constitutional status: YES (unlike NCPCR, NCW, NCM, NHRC which are statutory)
›The separate National Commission for SCs came into existence in 2004. — M. Laxmikanth — Indian Polity (6th Edition, 2019), ch47-national-commission-for-scs.md
›Composition: Chairperson + VP + 3 members; appointed by President; 3-year term (by Rules)
›Separate from National Commission for STs (Article 338-A) since 2004 — both created by 89th Amendment 2003
›Also covers Anglo-Indian Community (Article 338, Clause 10)
›OBC function removed by 102nd Amendment 2018 (separate NCBC created)
›Powers: equivalent to civil court
›Governments must consult before major policy decisions affecting SCs
›Commission is vested with the power to regulate its own procedure. — M. Laxmikanth — Indian Polity (6th Edition, 2019), ch47-national-commission-for-scs.md
›Clause (10) of Article 338 states that references to SCs shall include references to the Anglo-Indian Community. — M. Laxmikanth — Indian Polity (6th Edition, 2019), ch47-national-commission-for-scs.md
›The Commission has powers of a civil court, specifically for: summoning and enforcing attendance of persons, requiring discovery and production of documents, receiving evidence on affidavits, requisitioning public records, and issuing summons for examination of witnesses and documents. — M. Laxmikanth — Indian Polity (6th Edition, 2019), ch47-national-commission-for-scs.md
›The Central and state governments are required to consult the Commission on all major policy matters affecting the SCs. — M. Laxmikanth — Indian Polity (6th Edition, 2019), ch47-national-commission-for-scs.md
›The Commission has to investigate all matters relating to the constitutional and other legal safeguards for the Anglo-Indian Community and report to the President upon their working. — M. Laxmikanth — Indian Polity (6th Edition, 2019), ch47-national-commission-for-scs.md
›The Commission presents an annual report to the President and can also submit a report as and when it deems necessary. — M. Laxmikanth — Indian Polity (6th Edition, 2019), ch47-national-commission-for-scs.md
›The President places the Commission's reports before Parliament, along with a memorandum explaining action taken and reasons for non-acceptance of any recommendations. — M. Laxmikanth — Indian Polity (6th Edition, 2019), ch47-national-commission-for-scs.md
›Reports pertaining to a state government are forwarded by the President to the state governor, who places them before the state legislature with an explanatory memorandum. — M. Laxmikanth — Indian Polity (6th Edition, 2019), ch47-national-commission-for-scs.md
›Other functions include discharging duties specified by the President for the protection, welfare, development, and advancement of SCs. — M. Laxmikanth — Indian Polity (6th Edition, 2019), ch47-national-commission-for-scs.md
›Till 2018, the Commission was also required to discharge similar functions with regard to Other Backward Classes (OBCs), but was relieved from this responsibility by the 102nd Amendment Act of 2018. — M. Laxmikanth — Indian Polity (6th Edition, 2019), ch47-national-commission-for-scs.md
›The National Commission for Women (1992), National Commission for Minorities (1993), National Human Rights Commission (1993), and National Commission for Protection of Child Rights (2007) are statutory bodies established by acts of Parliament. — M. Laxmikanth — Indian Polity (6th Edition, 2019), ch47-national-commission-for-scs.md
›Originally, Article 338 provided for a Special Officer for SCs and STs to investigate all matters relating to constitutional safeguards and report to the President. — M. Laxmikanth — Indian Polity (6th Edition, 2019), ch47-national-commission-for-scs.md
›In 1978, the Government (through a Resolution) set up a non-statutory multimember Commission for SCs and STs; the Office of Commissioner for SCs and STs also continued to exist. — M. Laxmikanth — Indian Polity (6th Edition, 2019), ch47-national-commission-for-scs.md
›In 1987, the Government (through another Resolution) modified the functions of the Commission and renamed it as the National Commission for SCs and STs. — M. Laxmikanth — Indian Polity (6th Edition, 2019), ch47-national-commission-for-scs.md
›The 65th Constitutional Amendment Act of 1990 (in force on 12–03-1992) provided for the establishment of a high level multi-member National Commission for SCs and STs in place of a single Special Officer. — M. Laxmikanth — Indian Polity (6th Edition, 2019), ch47-national-commission-for-scs.md
›The 89th Constitutional Amendment Act of 2003 (in force on 19–02-2004) bifurcated the combined National Commission for SCs and STs into two separate bodies. — M. Laxmikanth — Indian Polity (6th Edition, 2019), ch47-national-commission-for-scs.md
›Members are appointed by the President by warrant under his hand and seal. — M. Laxmikanth — Indian Polity (6th Edition, 2019), ch47-national-commission-for-scs.md
›Conditions of service and tenure of office are determined by the President; under the Rules, they hold office for a term of three years. — M. Laxmikanth — Indian Polity (6th Edition, 2019), ch47-national-commission-for-scs.md
›The functions of the Commission include: investigating and monitoring all matters relating to constitutional and other legal safeguards for SCs and evaluating their working. — M. Laxmikanth — Indian Polity (6th Edition, 2019), ch47-national-commission-for-scs.md
›The functions of the Commission include: inquiring into specific complaints with respect to the deprivation of rights and safeguards of the SCs. — M. Laxmikanth — Indian Polity (6th Edition, 2019), ch47-national-commission-for-scs.md
›The functions of the Commission include: participating and advising on the planning process of socio-economic development of the SCs and evaluating the progress of their development. — M. Laxmikanth — Indian Polity (6th Edition, 201

All key facts

›Article 350-B in Part XVII, fourth chapter "Special Directives" (Laxmikant p.946)
›Added by 7th Constitutional Amendment Act 1956; on recommendation of States Reorganisation Commission
›Appointed by the President; no constitutional specifications on qualifications, tenure, or removal
›Designated as Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities (office created 1957)
›HQ: Allahabad; Regional offices: Belgaum, Chennai, Kolkata
›Falls under: Ministry of Minority Affairs
›52 reports have been presented (as per footnote in Laxmikant 2019)
›Linguistic minority = group whose mother tongue differs from state majority language (M. Laxmikanth — Indian Polity (6th Edition, 2019), ch50-special-officer-for-linguistic-minorities.md)
›Each regional office is headed by an Assistant Commissioner. (M. Laxmikanth — Indian Polity (6th Edition, 2019), ch50-special-officer-for-linguistic-minorities.md)
›The Commissioner is assisted at headquarters by a Deputy Commissioner and an Assistant Commissioner. (M. Laxmikanth — Indian Polity (6th Edition, 2019), ch50-special-officer-for-linguistic-minorities.md)
›The Commissioner maintains liaison with State Governments and Union Territories through nodal officers. (M. Laxmikanth — Indian Polity (6th Edition, 2019), ch50-special-officer-for-linguistic-minorities.md)
›The Commissioner takes up matters pertaining to grievances arising out of non-implementation of Constitutional and Nationally Agreed Scheme of Safeguards. (M. Laxmikanth — Indian Polity (6th Edition, 2019), ch50-special-officer-for-linguistic-minorities.md)
›The Ministry of Minority Affairs has requested State Governments/UTs to publicize constitutional safeguards and take administrative measures. (M. Laxmikanth — Indian Polity (6th Edition, 2019), ch50-special-officer-for-linguistic-minorities.md)
›The Commissioner launched a 10-point programme to give impetus to governmental efforts for preservation of language and culture of linguistic minorities. (M. Laxmikanth — Indian Polity (6th Edition, 2019), ch50-special-officer-for-linguistic-minorities.md)
›The original Constitution did not make any provision for the Special Officer for Linguistic Minorities. (M. Laxmikanth — Indian Polity (6th Edition, 2019), ch50-special-officer-for-linguistic-minorities.md)
›Part XVII of the Constitution is entitled 'Official Language'. (M. Laxmikanth — Indian Polity (6th Edition, 2019), ch50-special-officer-for-linguistic-minorities.md)
›The President may direct the intervals at which the Special Officer for Linguistic Minorities should report on matters relating to safeguards for linguistic minorities. (M. Laxmikanth — Indian Polity (6th Edition, 2019), ch50-special-officer-for-linguistic-minorities.md)
›The President should place the reports of the Special Officer for Linguistic Minorities before each House of Parliament. (M. Laxmikanth — Indian Polity (6th Edition, 2019), ch50-special-officer-for-linguistic-minorities.md)
›The President should send the reports of the Special Officer for Linguistic Minorities to the governments of the concerned states. (M. Laxmikanth — Indian Polity (6th Edition, 2019), ch50-special-officer-for-linguistic-minorities.md)
›The Commissioner submits annual reports or other reports to the President through the Union Minority Affairs Minister. (M. Laxmikanth — Indian Polity (6th Edition, 2019), ch50-special-officer-for-linguistic-minorities.md)
›The Constitution does not specify the qualifications, tenure, salaries and allowances, service conditions and procedure for removal of the Special Officer for Linguistic Minorities. (M. Laxmikanth — Indian Polity (6th Edition, 2019), ch50-special-officer-for-linguistic-minorities.md)
›To monitor the implementation of safeguards, the Commissioner uses questionnaires, visits, conferences, seminars, meetings, and review mechanisms. (M. Laxmikanth — Indian Polity (6th Edition, 2019), ch50-special-officer-for-linguistic-minorities.md)

All key facts

›Constitutional basis: Article 338-B inserted by 102nd Amendment Act 2018 (Laxmikant p.942)
›History: Originally statutory (National Commission for Backward Classes Act, 1993) following Mandal case (Indra Sawhney v. Union of India, 1992)
›102nd Amendment also inserted Article 342-A (President to specify backward classes)
›1993 Act repealed by National Commission for Backward Classes (Repeal) Act, 2018
›Composition: Chairperson + VP + 3 members; 3-year term (by Rules)
›Status at par with NCSC and NCST
›The 102nd Amendment Act of 2018 enlarged the scope of functions of the NCBC to safeguard the interests of SEBCs more effectively. (M. Laxmikanth, ch49-national-commission-for-bcs.md)
›The Commission has the power to regulate its own procedure. (M. Laxmikanth, ch49-national-commission-for-bcs.md)
›While investigating or enquiring, the Commission has all the powers of a civil court. (M. Laxmikanth, ch49-national-commission-for-bcs.md)
›This includes powers related to summoning and enforcing attendance of any person, requiring discovery and production of documents, receiving evidence on affidavits, requisitioning public records, and issuing summons for examination of witnesses and documents. (M. Laxmikanth, ch49-national-commission-for-bcs.md)
›The President places reports before Parliament with a memorandum explaining action taken and reasons for non-acceptance of recommendations. (M. Laxmikanth, ch49-national-commission-for-bcs.md)
›Reports pertaining to a state government are forwarded by the President to the state government, which places them before the state legislature with a similar memorandum. (M. Laxmikanth, ch49-national-commission-for-bcs.md)
›The central government and state governments are required to consult the Commission on all major policy matters affecting socially and educationally backward classes. (M. Laxmikanth, ch49-national-commission-for-bcs.md)
›The 102nd Amendment Act of 2018 inserted new Article 338-B in the constitution, thereby conferring constitutional status on the commission. (M. Laxmikanth — Indian Polity (6th Edition, 2019), ch68-special-provisions-relating-to-certain-classes.md)
›After the 102nd Amendment Act of 2018, the President is empowered to specify the socially and educationally backward classes in relation to a state or union territory. (M. Laxmikanth — Indian Polity (6th Edition, 2019), ch68-special-provisions-relating-to-certain-classes.md)
›In the case of a state, the President issues the notification for specifying socially and educationally backward classes after consultation with the governor of the state concerned. (M. Laxmikanth — Indian Polity (6th Edition, 2019), ch68-special-provisions-relating-to-certain-classes.md)
›Any inclusion in or exclusion from the Central List of socially and educationally backward classes can be done only by the Parliament and not by a subsequent Presidential notification. (M. Laxmikanth — Indian Polity (6th Edition, 2019), ch68-special-provisions-relating-to-certain-classes.md)
›Article 338B directs the President to set up a National Commission for the socially and educationally backward classes to investigate all matters relating to their constitutional safeguards and to report to him. (M. Laxmikanth — Indian Polity (6th Edition, 2019), ch68-special-provisions-relating-to-certain-classes.md)
›Commission consists of a chairperson, vice-chairperson and three other members appointed by the President by warrant under his hand and seal. (M. Laxmikanth — Indian Polity (6th Edition, 2019), ch49-national-commission-for-bcs.md)
›Conditions of service and tenure of office of Commission members are determined by the President. (M. Laxmikanth — Indian Polity (6th Edition, 2019), ch49-national-commission-for-bcs.md)
›The Commission can present reports to the President annually and at such other times as it may deem fit. (M. Laxmikanth — Indian Polity (6th Edition, 2019), ch49-national-commission-for-bcs.md)
›The National Commission for Backward Classes was set-up in 1993 by an Act of Parliament following the Mandal case judgement. (M. Laxmikanth — Indian Polity (6th Edition, 2019), ch68-special-provisions-relating-to-certain-classes.md)
›Unlike SCs, STs and OBCs, the Constitution has defined the Anglo-Indian community, though NCBC's mandate covers backward classes specifically. (M. Laxmikanth — Indian Polity (6th Edition, 2019), ch68-special-provisions-relating-to-certain-classes.md)
›Special provisions for SCs, STs, BCs and Anglo-Indians are classified as either permanent or temporary, and either protective or developmental in nature. (M. Laxmikanth — Indian Polity (6th Edition, 2019), ch68-special-provisions-relating-to-certain-classes.md)