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Answer: C. Rio Summit

The UNFCCC was a key outcome of the 1992 Rio Summit, also known as the Earth Summit.

Why C is correct: The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) was adopted at the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in June 1992. It established an international environmental treaty to combat "dangerous human interference with the climate system."

A: The Montreal Protocol (1987) is an international treaty designed to protect the ozone layer by phasing out the production of numerous substances responsible for ozone depletion.
B: The Stockholm Conference (1972) was the first major UN conference on international environmental issues, leading to the creation of UNEP, but not UNFCCC.
D: The Kyoto Protocol (1997) is an international treaty that extended the 1992 UNFCCC, committing state parties to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

Paper 1 tip: Memorize the major international environmental agreements, their founding years, and their primary objectives, as these are frequently tested in Paper 1.