UGC NET Reading Comp Q146

Question

Reputed author Illich is best known for his sharp criticism of the deleterious character of expert-based institutions. These ranged from medicine and education to energy and transportation. The disempowering effects of feminization of work and the narrowing down of gender struggles to a matter of individual economic and political equality were also there. His book, tools for conviviality summarised many of his critiques. They were set in the context of a political vision, namely, the reconstruction of convivial modes of living. He termed it as 'conviviality'. The book was self-consciously written as an epilogue to the industrial era. The conviction behind it was that in the advanced stage of mass production, any society produces its own destruction. His key concept was related to the industrial mode of production. He averred that industrial tools beyond a point would damage people and environment. The steady erosion of limits started in the seventeenth century with the harnessing of energy. Added to it was the progressive elimination of time and space, that gained force with the industrial Revolution. It accomplished a complete restructuring of society in the twentieth century, aided by tools and technologies of specialized knowledge.

What was the criticism of Illich on expert-based institutions?